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Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Some medications work by boosting levels of choline to increase acetylcholine levels for improved cell-to-cell communication in the brain.4 This means that products that can increase choline should produce some positive effects. CDP-choline (citicoline) and choline salts, such as choline chloride and choline bitartrate, are available as supplements.5,6 In patients with Alzheimer’s type senile dementia, citicoline (e.g., 1,000–2,000 mg/day in two divided doses) slowed the disease’s evolution.7
Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Metabolic Intermediates
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Even though both lecithin and choline supplementations have been shown to greatly increase blood choline levels,546,547 few studies have been performed to correlate the increased blood levels with changes in transmethylation activity, creatine synthesis, or physical performance. Future research must take into account the low and variable phosphatidyl choline content of commercial lecithin548 and the diarrhea and foul-smelling intestinal gas production from 20 g of choline base supplementation, although lower doses appeared safe.549 Pure phosphatidyl choline and choline bitartrate forms may offer compatible supplements for future testing.
Choline bitartrate and acetylcholine
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Available in a wide range of supplements as choline bitartrate and lecithin, choline is promoted to athletes to improve endurance performance and increase fat lipolysis. Acetylcholine production has increased muscle contractions, delayed fatigue and improved cognitive function memory in rats. A study in cyclists indicated improved mood state with 2.43g supplemental choline although no improvement in performance was seen (Warber et al., 2000). Evidence does not support claims that choline has a role in reducing body adipose nor that high doses elevate fat metabolism in humans (Penry and Manore, 2008).
Choline: The Neurocognitive Essential Nutrient of Interest to Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Taylor C. Wallace, Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn, Marie A. Caudill, Kevin C. Klatt, Steven H. Zeisel
Foods naturally containing choline include chicken liver (3 oz: 247 mg); salmon (3 oz: 187 mg); eggs (1 large egg with yolk: 147 mg); shiitake mushrooms (1/2 cup: 58 mg); chicken, broilers or fryers (3 oz: 56 mg); beef, grass-fed strip steak (3 oz: 55 mg); wheat germ (1 oz toasted: 51 mg); milk (8 oz: 38 mg); brussels sprouts (1/2 cup: 32 mg); and almonds (1 oz: 15 mg). Select plant foods such as cruciferous vegetables and certain beans are good sources of choline, contributing approximately 10% of the daily recommended intake (Zeisel and da Costa 2009). Foods, particularly plant foods, also contain betaine, which cannot be converted to choline but can be used as a methyl donor, thereby sparing some of the choline requirement. In animal models, a minimum 50% of the dietary requirement of choline is still needed, but the remaining 50% can be spared by intake of betaine (Craig 2004; Dilger et al. 2007). Choline is available commercially as an ingredient in many fortified foods and dietary supplements as choline bitartrate or choline chloride. The US Food and Drug Administration (2017) has mandated fortification of non-milk-based infant formula to the level present in human breast milk since 1985.
Effects of Egg Consumption and Choline Supplementation on Plasma Choline and Trimethylamine-N-Oxide in a Young Population
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Bruno S. Lemos, Isabel Medina-Vera, Olga V. Malysheva, Marie A. Caudill, Maria Luz Fernandez
Choline is an essential nutrient that needs to be consumed through the diet, even though humans can synthesize it in small quantities (32,33). This nutrient is involved in various biological functions including neurological functions, cell signaling, lipid transport, and metabolism (14). Recently, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that 93% of adults (age ≥ 19 years) have inadequate daily intake of choline (14). Therefore, including choline-rich foods through diet is of great interest to prevent choline deficiency. Since eggs are a good source of choline (34), it is not surprising that choline was increased in plasma after egg consumption. Of interest, when compared to a choline bitartrate supplement, egg intake still resulted in higher values of plasma choline, indicating greater bioavailability of choline derived from eggs than from the supplemental form. It is thought that the phosphatidylcholine form of choline in the eggs is absorbed in the ileum along with other lipids (35), which is later used by the liver to form very-low-density lipoprotein membrane structure (14). These participants represent the American population due to the lack of meeting the required intake of dietary choline. Before the intervention, they did not meet the adequate intake for dietary choline, since the baseline choline intake was 293.41 ± 97.0 mg/d and the recommended adequate intake is 550 mg/d for males and 425 mg/d for females (14). With the intervention they were consuming—in addition to their habitual diet—∼400 mg/d that were coming from either the eggs or the supplement and therefore achieving the daily adequate intake. Clearly, we see in this intervention that egg intake increased plasma choline and did not alter the concentrations of TMAO when compared to baseline values or choline supplement.
The Effects of Choline and Magnesium Co-Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters, Inflammation, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Samaneh Rashvand, Majid Mobasseri, Ali Tarighat-Esfanjani
Blood samples were taken after 10 to 12 hours of fasting at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Anthropometric evaluations including weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, and body fat percentage were measured. The weight of each patient was measured with light clothing using a digital scale (Seca) and was recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height was measured with subjects standing without shoes, using a non-stretch tape meter (Seca) fixed to a wall and was recorded to the nearest 1 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by square of height (in meters). The body fat percentage was measured by the bio-impedance analysis (Tanita BC418). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was measured according to World Health Organization protocol. Blood pressure was recorded after 15 minutes of rest, 2 times with a 5-minute intervals and the average blood pressure was considered. Participants completed demographic, medical history, medications, diet, smoking, education, and drug history questionnaires. Information on dietary intakes were measured by a PhD student of nutrition in a nutrition status assessment laboratory using a 24-hour recall questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the study, and its analysis was done with the nutritionist IV software modified for Iranian foods. Moreover, individual dietary counseling was done at the end of the study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to determine physical activity and categorized as high, moderate, and low physical activity. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 1000 mg choline as choline bitartrate, 500 mg magnesium as magnesium oxide, 1000 mg choline plus 500 mg magnesium supplements, or placebo capsules (starch) divided in 3 daily doses for 2 months. Choline bitartrate provided 41.1% choline by molecular weight (25,31). The supplement doses were approximately equivalent to the dosages used in previous human studies (32,33), less than the upper limit dosages (34). Choline, magnesium, and placebo were provided by Nanochemia Company (Alborz, Iran). The placebo and supplement capsules were similar in appearance. Participants were asked to take the capsules together with main meals and not to change their usual activity level or diet during the trial. The use of supplementation during the trial was assessed by asking subjects to return the capsules containers and counts. The subjects were excluded from the trial if the returned capsules were more than 10% of the expected ones. Participants and investigators were blinded to the treatment assignment. Package method was used to administer supplement and placebo to subjects.