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Cholesterol/Hypercholesterolemia/Hyperlipidemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Nicotinic acid or niacin (other forms of niacin, such as niacinamide or nicotinamide, do not lower cholesterol) 1.5–3 gm/day in sustained or extended-release capsules is indicated as an adjunct for reduction of:9Elevated VLDL.Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Apo B and triglyceride levels in adults with hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia (Types IIA and IIB).Total and LDL cholesterol levels in adults with hypercholesterolemia.Very high triglyceride levels (Types IV and V hyperlipidemia) that do not respond to determined dietary effort to control them.
Metabolic Syndrome
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
With hypertriglyceridemia, the non-HDL cholesterol level is used to assess risks, instead of the calculated LDL cholesterol level. The HDL cholesterol level is subtracted from the total cholesterol level, based on a fasting or nonfasting specimen. Non-HDL cholesterol should be 30 mg/dL above the goal for calculated LDL cholesterol. However, in diabetic patients with or without metabolic syndrome, the non-HDL cholesterol is very important since it provides the sum of LDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and small dense VLDL particles.
Renal Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Molly Wong Vega, Poyyapakkam Srivaths
Dietary control of factors that increase hypertension, obesity, and calcifications become very important for mediation of cardiovascular risk. Dyslipidemia is present in children with CKD and occurs more frequently at later stages of CKD as well as after transplant (more so related to obesity). Standard nutrition therapy for dyslipidemia can be attempted (e.g., reduction in total fat and saturated fat and increase in mono- and polyunsaturated fats). However, these children likely already have a multitude of dietary restrictions making this difficult to achieve. Low cholesterol levels have also been reported as a risk factor in cardiovascular health.
Pharmacological effects of Artocarpus lakoocha methanol extract on inhibition of squalene synthase and other downstream enzymes of the cholesterol synthesis pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Tasleem Akhtar, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq, Muhammad Shahzad
There is a close association between atherosclerosis and elevated or diminished serum lipids, particularly elevated LDL levels considered as a risk factor and decreased HDL level a protective factor (Zhu et al. 2008). Increased generation of oxidised LDL primarily contributes to the vascular damage related to elevated cholesterol levels (Saghir et al. 2012; Wen et al. 2019). Treatment with methanol extract of A. lakoocha leaves and simvastatin showed that there was a significant reduction of serum LDL levels. These findings are in parallel with various previous studies in which they demonstrated that dietary Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (Campanulaceae) root powder and leaves extract of Eclipta prostrate Linn (Asteraceae) markedly reduced the LDL levels as compared to those of the hyperlipidemic control groups (Kim et al. 1995).
Use of Nomogram on Nutritional Assessment Indicators to Predict Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Surgical Resection for High-Grade Osteosarcoma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Yuhan Yang, Chen Zhou, Xuelei Ma
Conventional and innovative nutritional indicators were collected and calculated for comprehensive assessment of nutritional status. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by the formulation of weight (kg)/height (2) (m2), which was categorized into four groups, underweight, normal, overweight, and obese groups considering different standards for ages. SII, as an inflammation-associated nutritional indicator, was calculated based on the neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts with the formula: SII = platelet count × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count. Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) was estimated by serum albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) according to the scoring standards: (a) serum albumin <3.5 mg/L was scored as 1; (b) CRP >10 mg/L was scored as 1; the final score was the sum of the score of (a) and (b) including 0, 1 and 2. The CONUT score was calculated based on serum albumin concentrations, total peripheral lymphocyte count, and total blood cholesterol level (16) as the sum of the following standards: (a) albumin concentrations ≥3.5, 3.0–3.49, 2.5–2.99, and <2.5 g/dL were scored as 0, 2, 4, and six points, respectively; (b) total lymphocyte counts ≥1600, 1200–1599, 800–1199, and <800/mm3 were scored as 0, 1, 2, and three points, respectively; (c) total cholesterol level ≥180, 140–179, 100–139, and <100 mg/dL were scored as 0, 1, 2, and three points, respectively. In present study, patients were dichotomized into two categories, including one group with CONUT score ≤1 and the other group with CONUT score >1.
Attenuation of lipid metabolic abnormalities, proinflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase expression by biochanin-A in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Govindasami Sangeethadevi, Sathibabu Uddandrao V. V., Rani Antony Rathinasamy Jansy Isabella, Ganapathy Saravanan, Ponnusamy Ponmurugan, Ponnusamy Chandrasekaran, Singaravel Sengottuvelu, Sasikumar Vadivukkarasi
Cell membranes are rich source of PL, which results in membrane brokenness, leading to cell damage. These PLs are important for the enhanced fortification of cellular reliability, micro viscosity, and endurance. The distorted levels of PL might be due to superior membrane dilapidation and the increased peroxidation of membrane PL and FFA by the action of phospholipase A2 (Chen et al.2017). Lipoproteins are autonomous risk factors for the development of CVDs. A negative correlation exists between HDL cholesterol and body cholesterol levels. HDL inhibits uptake of LDL by the arterial wall and facilitates transport of cholesterol from tangential tissue to the liver, where it is catabolized and discharged from the body (Sheela and Devi 2001). Lipid peroxides play a vital role in lipoprotein modification that makes them vulnerable to atherosclerosis, possibly leading to MI mediated cardiotoxicity by ISO. Lipid peroxides are noteworthy pathogenic episode in myocardial necrosis and amassing of lipid hydroperoxides reflects scratch of the cardiac constituents (Zern et al.2003). Our findings demonstrated that increased serum levels of FFA and lipid peroxides coupled with ISO administration and these levels brought back to near normal with BCA, might be due to antihyperlipidemic potential of BCA.