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Pest Control in Modern Public Health
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
From ancient times, humans have occasionally used chemical compounds to try to ward off pests, for example, sulfur for itch mites2 (we now know that sulfur is an effective acaricide that is relatively safe for human use).3 However, during the late 1800s copper sulfate, nicotine, fluorides, pyre-thrum powder, and arsenicals came into widespread use as insecticides (Figure 2.2). For example, sodium silicoflouride was used to control ecto-parasites on livestock as well as crawling insects in houses and buildings (Figure 2.2D). These inorganic compounds, while not miracle drugs, were certainly better than nothing, but large dosages were required. In the 1930s, scientists found that the synthetic compound paradichlorobenzene, which had been used extensively for clothes moth control, was effective against peachtree borers. Then scientists discovered that substituted phenolic compounds had insecticidal properties, and thus began the systematic search for related synthetic compounds. DDT, one of the most famous of all pesticides, was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 19394 (Figure 2.3). DDT was used with great success in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops, being sprayed directly on people and property (Figure 2.4). Other chlorinated hydrocarbons were soon developed, such as lindane, endrin, aldrin, chlordane, and many others. These compounds had very long residual effects, still killing insects 10–30 years after application.
Role of Environmental Toxicants and Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Biddut Deb Nath, Dipti Debnath, Rokeya Pervin, Md. Akil Hossain
Organochlorine are chlorinated hydrocarbons commonly utilized as pesticides in cultivation and mosquito prevention since the 1940s, which have been prohibited in the United States because they were linked with PD158 and were accused of being neuronal toxic agents.7 Specifically, two chemicals, β hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dieldrin, were associated with PD.159 These are hydrophobic substances that can be readily absorbed by the skin, are preserved for prolonged periods of time in fatty tissues, and penetrate through the BBB. Dieldrin is believed to lead to cell damage in SN by adversely affecting mitochondrial action and causing oxidative stress by ROS when intake is fairly excessive, although such impacts are poor compared to rotenone, which needs very small quantities to induce these results.160,161 Nonetheless, at small nanomolar concentrations, an in-vitro analysis showed that HCH and dieldrin impair calcium homeostasis in dopaminergic cells, indicating that subsequent in-vivo research should be undertaken.162 A case-control analysis evaluating blood samples for five organochlorine pesticides showed that only dieldrin was correlated with a greater chance of PD.163 Autopsy analysis of human brains have reported a greater density of organochlorine compounds in PD brains, especially in striatum, relative to brains of patients without PD,164 whereas other autopsy tests suggest that organochlorine quantities were not substantially related to LB.165
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
The symptoms of acute poisoning by chlorinated hydrocarbons such as DDT, HCH and dieldrin include convulsions followed by an adverse effect on the liver tissue. Acute poisoning due to ingestion (except Paraquat, Diquat and zinc phosphide) should be dealt with, if the person is unconscious, by inducing vomiting by tickling the back of the throat with the tip of the finger. A doctor must be consulted as soon as possible. Chronic poisoning due to the continued intake of smaller quantities is heralded by nervous symptoms, which include hyperexcitability, anxiety and tremors. In addition, there is a very marked loss of appetite, which quickly leads to loss of weight. Convulsions should be controlled by doses of injectable phenobarbitones, diazepam or paraldehyde. Blood samples for organochlorine levels may be necessary for confirmation of the cause of poisoning, but this is a complex analytical procedure. Treatment must not be delayed pending the results of laboratory tests.
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Comparing these results with the results of this study, we find a higher range of carbendazim between 0.07 (Ma’an) and 0.29 mg/kg (Karak), and higher range of imidacloprid between 0.22 (Karak) and 0.42 mg/kg (Aqaba). Chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and DDT were not detected in our study. Mustafa et al. (1997) took soil samples from three zones in the Central Jordan Valley to evaluate the range of contamination with pesticides. Several pesticides belonging to different groups, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides such as the DDT family and cyclodienes, were detected. In zone I, most of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides occurred in open fields cultivated with tomatoes at a depth of 30–60 cm, at 0–15 and 15–30 cm in zone II, and at 0–15 and 30–60 cm in zone III. When considering pesticide residues under plastic house conditions cultivated with tomatoes, most of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues were detected at a depth of 0–15 and 15–30 cm in zone I; at 0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm in zone II; and at 0–15 and 15–30 cm in zone III of the Central Jordan Valley (Mustafa et al.1997).
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Anandha Rao Ravula, Suresh Yenugu
OCs are synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbons classified as highly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and widely used in agriculture and mosquito control. The overall statistics indicate that 40% of all pesticides used belong to OCs (Gupta 2004; FAO 2005). Most of the developed countries have banned use of OCs as they are non-biodegradable and persist in the environment (Aktar et al. 2009). The representative compounds that are highly used in this class are DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), aldrin and dieldrin (Gupta 2004; FAO 2005). Based on the mechanism of toxicity and symptoms, OCs are divided into two subclasses namely DDT- and chlorinated alicyclic-type. Chlorinated alicyclic type is not well defined as DDT type. DDT type insecticides cause acute toxic effects in animals by preventing the deactivation or closing of sodium gates of axons, thereby resulting in hyperexcitation of the nervous system (Coats 1990). DDT is stored mainly in fat tissue and its metabolite DDE displays endocrine disruptive potential and carcinogenesis (Turusov et al. 2002). DDT as such causes liver cancer (Innes et al. 1969). Other health effects reported for OCs are impaired embryonic development and lipid metabolism, alterations in hematological, hepatic and endocrine functions (Mnif et al. 2011).
Kupffer cell inactivation ameliorates immune liver injury via TNF-α/TNFR1 signal pathway in trichloroethylene sensitized mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Jia-Xiang Zhang, Qiong-Ying Xu, Yi Yang, Na Li, Yan Zhang, Li-Hua Deng, Qi-Xing Zhu, Tong Shen
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a chlorinated hydrocarbon, is an organic solvent that is used for degreasing and removing impurities from metal parts [1,2]. TCE is also widely used as a chemical intermediate and extractant in chemical, dry-cleaning and textile industries [3]. Workers exposed to TCE were suffered from occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis due to TCE (OMLDT), also called TCE hypersensitivity syndrome (THS), which was characterized by fever, generalized rash, liver dysfunction and superficial lymphadenopathy [4]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified trichloroethylene as group I carcinogen in 2012 [5]. Meanwhile, TCE has been identified with immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and kidney toxicity [6,7]. In past 30 years, TCE induced hypersensitivity syndrome had gradually become one of the serious occupational health injury in China. In our previous studies, we found that the immune liver was induced by TCE in BALB/c mouse model, which indicated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was increased significantly in serum and liver and took an important role in immune liver injury. But the exact effect of the TNF-α in immune liver injury induced by TCE was not revealed yet.