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Lifestyle Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
Unfortunately, cigarette smoking in men remains at approximately 18% and in women 14%. Thus, the overall percentage of cigarette smoking for adults over the age of 18 is slightly more than 15% (21). Sadly, the rate of discontinuing cigarette smoking has slowed down in the last decade. The good news is that substantial benefits accrue in terms of reduction of CVD in individuals who stop smoking. These benefits occur over a very brief period of time. It should be noted, however, that secondhand smoke also substantially increases the risk of CVD.
The Properties and Applications of Nanodiamonds
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Vadym Mochalin, Olga Shenderova, Dean Ho, Yury Gogotsi
Nanodiamond additives have been used for electrolytic and electroless metal plating for many years [49]. More recently, they have been used in other applications such as the chemical vapour deposition of diamond films [105], in magnetic resonance imaging [106], chromatography [52, 107] and, proteomics and mass spectrometry [108]. Carbon ‘onions’ (which are produced by the graphitization of nanodiamond) have shown potential for applications in energy storage [109], composites [110, 111] and catalysis [112] (nanodiamond itself has also demonstrated catalytic activity [113]); and boron-doped nanodiamonds (which are conducting) can be used in electroanalysis, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and batteries. Furthermore, undoped non-conducting nanodiamond demonstrates redox activity in electrochemical systems [114]. In this section we focus on applications in five areas: tribology and lubrication; nanocomposites; drug delivery; protein mimics; and tissue scaffolds and surgical implants. The last three of these applications are made possible by the ability of nanodiamonds to self assemble [115] and the fact that a wide range of small molecules, proteins, antibodies, therapeutics and nucleic acids can bind to the surface of nanodiamonds. Other potential biomedical applications [21] not covered below include the use of nanodiamonds as supports for solid-phase peptide synthesis and as sorbents for detoxification and separation. The use of fluorescent nanodiamonds for biomedical imaging is discussed above (see also Fig. 11.4f).
HfO2 Thin Film for Microelectromechanical Systems Application
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
As HfO2 is the primary choice of semiconductor industry, various methods are used to deposit HfO2: sputtering [5,6], e-beam evaporation [7], atomic layer deposition (ALD) [8,9], and metal- organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [10] have been reported for depositing HfO2 on silicon. Each deposition method has its own strengths and weaknesses in achieving good electronic properties in layers deposited and excellence in layer uniformity.
Characterization, antibacterial, total antioxidant, scavenging, reducing power and ion chelating activities of green synthesized silver, copper and titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Artemisia haussknechtii leaf extract
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
In order to prepare metallic NPs, several methods have been applied. For example, using a various chemicals as precursors and more amounts of surfactants as stabilizing agents is one of the common methods in NPs synthesis. In this way, there are the different preparation methods in the synthesis of metallic NPs from several materials [4]. Today, the way of NP synthesis with a small size is important part of nanotechnology function [5]. There are several ways for NPs synthesis such as chemical, physical, biological and enzymatic methods. Physical vapour deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition, spay pyrolysis, ball milling, laser desorption, lithographic methods, layer by layer growth, ultra-thin films and molecular beam epitaxy are some examples of physical methods. Also, chemical methods include chemical vapour deposition (CVD), wet chemical and co-precipitation. In contrast to these two basic methods, biological synthesis ways of NPs have less energy need and are eco-friendly methods [6].
Modeling the antifouling properties of atomic layer deposition surface-modified ceramic nanofiltration membranes
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Welldone Moyo, Nhamo Chaukura, Machawe M. Motsa, Titus A. M. Msagati, Bhekie B. Mamba, Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman, Thabo T. I. Nkambule
Surface modifications such as pore size tuning are important for engineering the selectivity and flux of membranes. Commonly used modification methods include electroless gold deposition and polymer grafting (Sun et al. 2013; Mustafa et al. 2016). However, these methods are laborious, time consuming and involve the use of hazardous chemicals, hence their application is limited (Sun et al. 2013). Vapor deposition techniques such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) offer better alternatives for surface and pore size modification because they are not specific to the chemistry of the substrate material (Kim and Oh 2014). Moreover, the thickness of the coating can be manipulated over a wide range (Kim and Oh 2014).
Exposure to biomass smoke is associated with an increased expression of circulating miRNA-126 and miRNA-155 in Mexican women: a pilot study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Tania Ruiz-Vera, Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez, Lucía G. Pruneda-Álvarez, Sergio Zarazúa, Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately 4.0 million of premature deaths are attributed to household air pollution (Lim et al. 2012, Smith et al. 2014, WHO 2016). The adverse health effects related to household air pollution exposure include mainly respiratory illnesses (i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], acute lower respiratory disease), lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD; i.e., ischemic heart disease, stroke) (Smith et al. 2014, WHO 2014). With respect to CVD, the Global Burden of Disease Study in the USA determined that household air pollution exposure is the third greatest risk factor for CVD events (Lim et al. 2012).