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Triphala
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
The most important chemical constituents in the formulation of triphala are gallic acid, tannins, chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, flavonoids, fatty acids, amino acids, anthraquinones and numerous carbohydrates (Belapurkar et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2005; Lu et al., 2012). HPLC has discovered ellagic acid, gallic acid and chebulinic acid to be the chief constituents of triphala (Lu et al., 2012). Triphala-originated polyphenols, for instance, chebulinic acid, are also converted by the microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract into bioactive metabolites, which have exhibited promising in vitro activities to avert oxidative destruction (Olennikov et al., 2015). A few of the groups of phytochemical constituents and their health benefits are discussed next.Tannins: Tannins are occasionally recognised by the name of phyto polyphenols. These polyphenols have astringent properties. Certain constituents are present in numerous plants and have the tendency to prevent various illnesses. Many human biological activities, such as tumour promotion inhibitory activity, anticarcinogenic activity, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, are actively found in tannins. The anti-infective activity might be because of their capability to incapacitate the adhesion of microorganisms (Okuda & Ito, 2011).
Role of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Hemorrhoids
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Yaw Duah Boakye, Daniel Obeng Mensah, Eugene Kusi Agyei, Richard Agyen, Christian Agyare
Terminalia chebula Retz. is a major medicinal plant for treatment of hemorrhoids in Persian medicine. This herb could shrink the hemorrhoid mass size and stop the bleeding in other traditional systems of medicines, such as Ayurveda.15 Possibly, the efficacy of T. chebula against pain could be attributed to its central analgesic effects and triterpenoids saponin, which blocks the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors.54 This, in turn, may be due to anti-inflammatory and analgesic characters of tannins (chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, and gallic acid) via reducing the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß) or inhibiting enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin synthesis.13,33,55 Gallic acid and its metabolites can also control the pain by acting as a glucocorticoid receptor agonist.38 Chebulagic acid relieves the pain due to inhibition of COX and 5-LOX11 along with flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol).44,17 The efficacy of T. chebula against hemorrhoid mass size can be due to its venotonic characteristic (chebulinic acid and terflavin B)4,13 and venoprotective (via cytoprotective characteristics with inhibiting oxidative stress) features.4,39
Emblicanin-A and Emblicanin-B: Pharmacological and Nano-Pharmacotherapeutic Perspective for Healthcare Applications
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Mohamad Taleuzzaman, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Dipak Kumar Gupta
The constituents are found in the different parts of the whole plant. The leaves contain chebulic acid, GA, chebulinic acid, EA, malic acid, chebulagic acid, phyllantidine alkaloids, and phyllantine. The seeds contain of phosphatides, fixed oil (saponification value 185, acid value 12.7, acetyl value 2.03, iodine value 139.5, sterol 2.70%, unsaponifiable matter 3.81%, and saturated fatty acid 7%), and a minute amount of essential oil. It contains linoleic acid (44%), linolenic acid (8.78%), steric acid (2.15%), oleic acid (28.40%), myristic acid (0.95%), and palmitic acid (2.99%). The barks have leukodelphinidin, tannin, and proanthocyanidin. The roots contain EA and lupeol.11 Mankind has been using the plant originated substances from ancient times. All over the world traditional systems of medicine and its certain practice have been of importance. Presently, it is required to evaluate the selective drugs of herbal origin. It is important to know the information from traditional healers about their remedies and focus on their development in the formulation.
SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Host Iron (Fe)-Redox Homeostasis (Fe-R-H): Role of Fe-Redox Regulators, Ferroptosis Inhibitors, Anticoagulants, and Iron-Chelators in COVID-19 Control
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Sreus A.G. Naidu, Roger A. Clemens, A. Satyanarayan Naidu
Several phytonutrients have been identified as potent inhibitors of ferroptosis. Quercetin (Pentahydroxy flavone), a natural flavonoid, could up-regulate the GSH levels and inhibit ferroptosis by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid ROS levels in the renal proximal tubular epithelia (Figure 6D) (277). Two tannin hydrolysates, chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid, have been reported as natural ferroptosis inhibitors (283). Their ferroptosis inhibition is mediated by regular antioxidant pathways (ROS scavenging and iron chelation), rather than the redox-based catalytic recycling pathway exhibited by Fer-1. Curcumin could inhibit myoglobin (Mb)-induced ferroptosis in renal tubular cells. Curcumin could reduce Mb-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB axis and activating the cytoprotective enzyme HO-1 (284). Glycyrrhizin, the main extract from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), is a natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and antiviral agent widely used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis (285). Glycyrrhizin shows significant reduction in the degree of ferroptosis and inhibits oxidative stress. Glycyrrhizin treatment could provide anti-ferroptotic liver protection through up-regulation of Nrf2, HO-1 and Gpx4; and down-regulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Fe2+, MDA, and ROS (286).
Preventive Effect of Combined Zingiber officinale and Terminalia chebula against DMBA-Induced Breast Cancer Rats via mTOR Inhibition
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Jayasindu Mathiyazhagan, Ramamoorthy Siva, Rama Jayaraj, Harishkumar Madhyastha, Gothandam Kodiveri Muthukaliannan
The famous aphorism, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” holds true for the use of dietary agents and medicinal plants in chemoprevention. There are multiple reports demonstrating that extracts from medicinal plants display potent antiproliferative effects on cancer cells (26). Ginger rhizome (ZO) is widely used in culinary and traditional medicine in India and China (7) and its major bioactive compounds, namely, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are reported to inhibit breast cancer proliferation in human breast cancer cell lines (27, 28). The presence of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol was detected in our study by HPLC analysis. The fruit of Terminalia chebula (TC), a well-known traditional medicine, has been studied for its homeostatic activity (29). Both crude extracts and phenolics of TC have been shown to display growth inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell lines (9). TC phenolics, such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, and corilagin, were detected in our study. Previous reports have shown the anticancer effect of these phenolics on breast cancer cell lines (30–32). Results from our earlier study on ZOTC against MCF-7 cell line showed cytotoxic effect and apoptosis. It was also reported to downregulate the cell proliferative genes hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) and mTOR (15).
Combined Zingiber officinale and Terminalia chebula Induces Apoptosis and Modulates mTOR and hTERT Gene Expressions in MCF-7 Cell Line
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Jayasindu Mathiyazhagan, Gothandam Kodiveri Muthukaliannan
Cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery where the treatment outcome becomes unsatisfactory by developing resistance against the drug. Few patients are not sensitive to the existing chemotherapeutics itself (22). Thus there is a need to develop pharmacologically important compounds that works better than current treatments. The presence of pharmacologically active compounds in natural products has been rooted since long. ZO has been used as spice as well as in traditional medicine. TC is commonly known as Haritaki that exerts various pharmacological activities including anticancer activity. The bioactive compounds that exerts anticancer activities in ZO and TC are 6-gingerol (23), 6-shogaol (24) and gallic acid (25), ellagic acid (26), and chebulinic acid (27), respectively. Shogaol have been reported to have strong bioactivities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging activity than gingerol (28,29). TC compounds were reported to possess higher anticancer activities against breast cancer especially chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, and gallic acid (27). ZO and TC have shown to be important medicinal plants in ayurvedic medicines for treating various ailments and also modern scientific researches on these plants were reported to have cytotoxic activities (2).