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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Cephalosporins should be used with caution during pregnancy. Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephalosporin that does not contain the MTT side chain and, at least theoretically, is a better choice when a broad-spectrum cephalosporin is indicated during pregnancy.
Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Here are some examples of the antimicrobial activity of some cephalosporins. Cefadroxil, cephradine, cefaclor, and cephalexin are used orally for the therapy of both acute and chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections associated with Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and S. aureus (144). Cefoxitin is more potent against the Bacteroides fragilis species and many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Cefoxitin is also used in the treatment of pelvic and intraabdominal infections and is frequently employed as a preventive agent in patients subjected to pelvic or colorectal surgery (144).
Efficacy of Short-Course Antibiotic Prophylaxis after Penetrating Intestinal Injury: A Prospective Randomized Trial
Published in Stephen M Cohn, Ara J. Feinstein, 50 Landmark Papers every Trauma Surgeon Should Know, 2019
EP Dellinger, MJ Wertz, ES Lennard, Oreskovich MR. Arch Surg
In 1984, Nichols et al. published7 a paper that also merits attention. The study included 619 patients who were enrolled to receive cefoxitin plus placebo or gen-tamicin plus clindamycin for 5 days. Of these patients, 145 patients randomized intraoperatively (after hollow viscus injury was identified), thereby enriching the population under study, for the condition under study, through the use (novel at the time) of a handheld calculator for allocation. Nichols et al. found the infection rates to be 20%-23% (p = NS), but contributed greatly to understanding the risks through the (unusual for the time) use of multivariable analysis. Nichols et al. were first to show that risk for infection after PAT increased with the number of organs injured, with the number of units of blood/blood products transfused, creation of an ostomy, and increasing age. Notably colon injury per se was not an identified risk factor, a (correct) finding that was surprising at the time.
Systematic review on activity of liposomal encapsulated antioxidant, antibiotics, and antiviral agents
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Reshna K. R, Preetha Balakrishnan, Sreerag Gopi
In a fecal peritonitis model, the effects of liposome-incorporated antibiotic delivery were compared to the effects of traditional intraperitoneal and intramuscular antibiotics. Intramuscular cefoxitin was administered to groups of rats, which were also administered liposome-incorporated cefoxitin in the peritoneal cavity. Blood cultures were obtained at 4 and 24 h, using quantitative methodology. In the cefoxitin treatment groups, 4- and 24-h mortality and bacteremia were both reduced considerably with liposome-delivered cefoxitin. In contrast to free intraperitoneal injection of antibiotics, liposome antibiotic treatment resulted in a much lower incidence of peritoneal abscess formation (mean ± SEM, 6.86 ± 0.79). When it comes to peritonitis, liposomal administration makes cefoxitin several times more effective (Price et al.2015).
Occurrence, distribution and pattern analysis of methicillin resistant (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus on fomites in public facilities
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Ziad W Jaradat, Maysoon Khwaileh, Waseem Al Mousa, Qutaiba O Ababneh, Anas Al Nabulsi
When tested separately, 41.7% and 42.2% of MRSA isolates were also resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin, respectively, while only 19 (8.6%) of MSSA isolates were resistant to the two antibiotics (Figure 1). These results indicate the inability of these two antibiotics to accurately identify MRSA isolates in comparison to the PCR method. [55], highlighted the inability of phenotypic tests to give accurate results in identifying methicillin resistant S. aureus. The mecA-PCR positive S. aureus isolates that are susceptible to oxacillin might have heterogeneous phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance. Further, this phenomenon may be a result of nonfunctional regulatory genes such as mecRI, that is responsible for mecA gene expression [5,30,34], as well as the presence of the nonfunctional femAB operon, since inactivation of this operon has been shown to restore sensitivity to methicillin in MRSA [45].
The use of cefepime as a carbapenem-sparing antibiotic for treating uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2018
Jin Woong Suh, Kyung Sook Yang, Sun Bean Kim, Jong Hun Kim, Jang Wook Sohn, Min Ja Kim, Young Kyung Yoon
Carbapenems are traditionally considered the first choice of treatment for serious infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The emergence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae has caused an increased use of carbapenems and spread of carbapenem-resistant strains. Among studies aiming to find suitable alternative antibiotics, a recent report in the present journal showed cefoxitin to be useful as a carbapenem-sparing drug for infections caused by ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae [1]. An alternative for this purpose is cefepime. Clinical data evaluating the efficacy of cefepime in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis (APN) due to ESBL-producing E. coli are limited and controversial [2–5]. Our aim was to compare the clinical efficacy of cefepime and ertapenem in the treatment of adult patients with APN caused by ESBL-producing E. coli.