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Pharmaceutical Applications of Major Marine Nutraceuticals
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
P Madan Kumar, R Janani, S Priya, J Naveen, V Baskaran
Marine polyphenols typically consist of flavonoids, phenolic terpenoids, bromophenols, phlorotannins and mycosporine-like amino acids. Seaweeds are a rich source of polyphenols. Green and red seaweeds are composed of bromophenols, phenolic acids and mycosporine-like amino acids (Corona et al., 2017). While phlorotannins are the unique class of polyphenols found exclusively in the brown seaweeds, constituting up to 15% of their dry weight (Targett and Arnold, 1998). Phlorotannins are polyphenolic compounds biosynthesized by polyketide pathway and typically formed by a group of complex polymers of phloroglucinol (1, 3, 5-trihydroxybenzene) (Arnold et al., 2002; Li et al., 2017). Bromophenols are another marine algae–derived polyphenolic compound composed of one or more benzene rings, a varying degree of bromine and hydroxyl-substituents.
Marine Algae in Diabetes and Its Complications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
The polyphenolic fraction of E. cava has been reported to possess considerable neuroprotective activity in diabetic neuropathy induced in experimental animals (Samaddar and Koneri, 2019a). The E. cava polyphenols (ECPPs) were found to inhibit aldose reductase (AR) activity, as well as their expression in diabetic animals, thereby improving the nerve conduction velocity (NCV), compound muscle action potential (CMAP), and muscle grip strength and reduced the threshold of pain nociception. Improvements in the sciatic nerve Na+K+‑ATPase activity and intraneural accumulation of sorbitol, an index of AR overactivity, were evident with ECPP treatment. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL‑6, IL‑1 β, and TNF‑α) and expression of PKC were also diminished significantly. The brominated polyphenols of Symphyocladia latiuscula were also reported to possess neuroprotective activity in diabetic neuropathy similar to ECPPs (Samaddar and Koneri, 2019b). Five brominated polyphenols were isolated from S. latiuscula that were reported to possess aldose reductase inhibitory activity (IC50 is 0.11, 0.4, 0.4, 1.15, and 0.25 μg/mL) (Xiukun and Ming, 2012) and were suggested for use in the treatment of complications of diabetes, such as eye and nerve damage in T2DM patients. In another experiment, five bromophenols isolated from S. latiuscula have shown significant AR inhibitory activity (Wei et al., 2005).
Marine Natural Products for Human Health Care
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Many bromophenol compounds have frequently been found in algae and bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Odonthalia corymbifera against various microorganisms was reported by Oh et al. [209]. Bioassay-guided isolation of its crude extract resulted in many bromophenol compounds; and among these, the 2,2,’3,3’-tetrabromo-4,4,’5,5’-tetrahydroxy diphenylmethane was most effective against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Antimicrobial activity against Gram +ve, Gram–ve bacteria and fungi was reported for ALAA 2000 [77].
Mung bean protein isolate treated with high-intensity pulsed electric field: characteristics and its use for encapsulation of Asian seabass oil
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Saqib Gulzar, Mohamed Tagrida, Umesh Patil, Lukai Ma, Bin Zhang, Soottawat Benjakul
Protein patterns of HIPEF-treated MBPI were determined by SDS-PAGE following the method of Laemmli (1970). Briefly, protein suspensions were dissolved with 5% SDS and heated at 95 °C for 1 h, followed by centrifugation at 7000×g for 10 min at 25 °C using a centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Allegra™ centrifuge, Fullerton, CA). The samples were then mixed with sample buffer containing 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, and 0.05% bromophenol blue in 0.5 M Tris–HCl at pH 6.8 without and with 5% β-mercaptoethanol, representing non-reducing and reducing condition, respectively. Finally, the protein samples (15 µg) were loaded onto the polyacrylamide gel (4% stacking gel; 12% running gel). Gels were separated at 15 mA per gel, followed by staining and destaining. Protein standards were also applied and MW of protein bands in the samples was calculated.
The metabolic fate and effects of 2-Bromophenol in male Sprague–Dawley rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Kyrillos N. Adesina-Georgiadis, Nicola Gray, Robert S. Plumb, David F. Thompson, Elaine Holmes, Jeremy K. Nicholson, Ian D. Wilson
The compound 2-bromophenol is a metabolite of bromobenzene, a well-known nephro- and hepatotoxin, which has been used as a solvent, fire retardant, and a component of motor oils. Following ingestion, bromobenzene is metabolised in the liver to a range of oxidised metabolites including 2-bromophenol and 2-bromohydroxyquinone (Lau et al., 1984a). Both 2-bromophenol and 2-bromohydroxyquinone are readily transported from the liver to the kidneys and the reaction of the latter with glutathione produces various mono-and di-substituted conjugates (Parke and Piotrowski, 1996). The accumulation of these conjugates, in addition to the depletion of the local glutathione pool, is thought to be the cause of renal toxicity (Lau et al., 1984b). In addition to 2-bromohydroxyquinone, it has been shown following i.p. administration (at doses from 1.28 mmol/kg upwards), that 2-bromophenol is also a nephrotoxin in the rat (Lau et al., 1984b). In a subsequent study, Bruchajzer et al. (2002) observed changes in the composition of the urine and changes in glutathione concentrations in the kidney of rats, which were administered the compound, including increased protein excretion and elevated epithelial cell content, which they considered as being due to kidney damage. However, they also observed variability in the concentrations of “classic markers of nephrotoxicity” such as creatinine.
Endothelin B receptor promotes the proliferation and immune escape of malignant gliomas
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Dong-sheng Pan, Si-zhe Feng, Peng Cao, Jin-jiang Li
Tissue proteins were extracted using general protein kits (Beyotime, China). All protein samples were adjusted to equal concentrations, followed by addition of bromophenol blue. The bubbles were removed under the board. Equal amounts of proteins were loaded on SDS/PAGE. 6 μL of protein marker was added at the same time. The protein samples were separated according to a predetermined voltage. Then, the protein was transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and blotted with primary antibodies at a dilution of 1:1000, followed by secondary antibodies. Detection was performed using the LI-COR Odyssey Scanning Infrared Fluorescence Imaging System (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE).