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Encounters with Linnaeus? Modernisation of pharmacopoeia through Bernard Read and Zhao Yuhuang up to the present 1
Published in Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, Dolly Yang, Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, 2022
Scientists and historians, traders and regulators use two different genres to communicate in Chinese about the various medicinal materials and pharmaceutical products at distinct stages of production and identification: ‘materia medica’ (bencao 本草) and ‘pharmacopoeia’ (yaodian 藥典). ‘Materia medica’ includes crude drugs, pharmaceuticals, and raw materials – but the term also denotes documents about these materials and products, i.e. a genre of textual records archiving them in a corpus of knowledge. ‘Pharmacopoeia’ now refers to another specific genre: the standard volume of Pharmaceuticals that scientists and a particular nation-state (e.g. the ‘British Pharmacopoeia’) recognise for pharma-trade. In Chinese, the second character dian 典 of yaodian 藥典 has legal connotations and can thus mean a ‘code’ in law, or refer to a reference work, such as an encyclopaedia or, later, dictionary. This indicates that the pharmaceutical content in such a volume was derived from a range of texts across the four classical Chinese historical sources, i.e. classics (jing 經), histories (shi 史), masters (zi 子), and collectanea (ji 集). The Chinese term pharmacopoeia thus refers explicitly to the orthodoxy of the text, while alluding to its encyclopaedic scale and heterogeneous content.
The Orient
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
At the beginning of the seventeenth century the British arrived in India, in the form of the East India Company, and soon gained control of large parts of the country. European-based medical practices gradually prevailed, and in 1835 official support for Ayurvedic and Unani medicine was withdrawn. By 1858 the East India Company was dissolved and India was placed under direct British rule. In the same year, the British Pharmacopoeia was formalized and British physicians in India became increasingly critical of the indigenous drugs. Ayurvedic medicine declined after the mid-nineteenth century and retreated to a rural and mainly traditional family apprenticeship system. India gained it’s independence in 1947, and since then interest in Ayurvedic medicine has flourished. Nowadays, orthodox medical practice is available, as are Ayurvedic, Unani, and other methods of healing (Van Alphen and Aris, 1995).
Authority and Gatekeeping: 1900 to c. 1950
Published in John K. Crellin, A Social History of Medicines in the Twentieth Century, 2020
Aside from companies with good reputations, important items for dispensing generally met the standards of the British Pharmacopoeia or the British Pharmaceutical Codex.181 However, there remained the quality of dispensing. Druggists' reminiscences from the 1990s often paint the period up to the 1950s or so as particularly "professional." In doing so, they are largely referring to the skills required in compounding medicines, especially those with multiple ingredients: "Of course the compounding wasn't simply putting them all together," as with, for example, the "cough mixture of ammonium carbonate, liquid extract of licorice and Spirits of Chloroform:... If you put your chloroform in that before you put your licorice you would get a curd. Now if you added the licorice to the powder first, then shook it up, you got a high foam;" on adding the chloroform to this, "the foam disappears and you get a beautiful brown mixture, like coffee."182
Formulation of dispersible isoniazid/pyridoxine fixed-dose combination tablets for isoniazid preventive therapy in pediatrics
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2020
M. W. Mwangi, L. J. Tirop, P. M. Njogu, J. M. Bururia, N. M. Njuguna, E. G. Mbae
In cases where more than one drug is administered, it is advisable to use fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulations to enhance patient compliance. This study therefore aimed to formulate FDC oral dispersible tablets of isoniazid 50 mg/pyridoxine 6.25 mg for IPT in pediatrics weighing less than 5 kg using varying concentrations of three superdisintegrants, namely croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate (Desai et al., 2016; Zhang, 2010). The tablets were then evaluated for compendial compliance as specified in the British Pharmacopoeia 2009 (B.P., 2009) and the United States Pharmacopeia 2016 (USP, 2016).
Development and physicochemical, toxicity and immunogenicity assessments of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) entrapped in chitosan and mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles: as a novel vaccine delivery system and adjuvant
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Mohsen Mehrabi, Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi, Seyed Mahdi Rezayat Sorkhabadi, Delaram Doroud, Amir Amani, Mehdi Khoobi, Soheila Ajdary, Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
ATT (also known as the general safety test) has been used to detect non-specific toxicity and approved by the WHO as a safety test for vaccines quality [27]. This test was done according to British pharmacopoeia. In this study 0.5 ml of samples with different concentration of CS and MCH loaded NPs (200, 800, and 1600 µg/ml) was injected intraperitoneally into five healthy mices (weighing 17 to 24 g) and two healthy guinea-pigs (weighing 250 to 400 g). Later, the animals were screened for seven days for any toxicity signs and symptoms. The preparation passed the test if none of the animals shows signs of ill health.
Pharmacopeial Standards for the Quality Control of Botanical Dietary Supplements in the United States
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Nandakumara Sarma, Roy Upton, Ulrich Rose, De-an Guo, Robin Marles, Ikhlas Khan, Gabriel Giancaspro
Regarding the NHP monographs’ quality specifications, Health Canada has taken a different approach from many other national regulatory authorities. Canada does not have its own national pharmacopeia; instead, for NHPs, the following pharmacopoeias and international standards are currently considered acceptable in their entirety by the NNHPD: USP–NF, British Pharmacopeia (BP), Ph. Eur., Pharmacopée française, Japanese Pharmacopeia (JP), the World Health Organization’s International Pharmacopeia (Ph.Int.), and the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC).