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Ayahuasca
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Raquel Consul, Flávia Lucas, Maria Graça Campos
Banisteriopsis caapi, for example, is used against the evil eye (Cruz 2016), also called the “cultural evil eye syndrome” (Camargo 2014). This plant is used as a purifier when prepared by bark infusion or to treat diabetes when stalk decoction is carried out (Cruz et al. 2017). Due to its alkaloid composition, the vine also provides an anthelmintic action, which has been demonstrated by a harmine inhibitory effect of 70% of the epimastigote, Trypanosoma cruzi, after 96 hours, due to the antagonism exerted on the parasite’s neuromuscular system. Considering this gastrointestinal infection is endemic to tropical regions, the medicinal value of Ayahuasca is unquestionable, and it is through the physiological manifestations that the shaman takes advantage of this antiparasitic property, the psychoactivity serving as an effective dose marker (Pomilio et al. 1999).
Natural Products Structures and Analysis of the Cerrado Flora in Goiás
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Lucilia Kato, Vanessa Gisele Pasqualotto Severino, Aristônio Magalhães Teles, Aline Pereira Moraes, Vinicius Galvão Wakui, Núbia Alves Mariano Teixeira Pires Gomides, Rita de Cássia Lemos Lima, Cecilia Maria Alves de Oliveira
Psychotria L. is the largest genus in the Rubiaceae family, comprising approximately 1,600 species. This genus is well known through the species P. viridis Ruiz and Pav. or P. carthagenensis Jacq., together with Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton (Malpighiaceae), in the preparation of the psychoactive plant tea “ayahuasca”, which has been used since pre-Colombian times for medical and religious purposes. More recently, in the last century this tea was used by syncretic religious groups in Brazil, particularly “Santo Daime”, “União do Vegetal” and “Barquinha” (Riba et al., 2004). Furthermore, some other species are used by different traditional communities with a variety of pharmacological purposes: in Amazonia the “caboclos” use the flowers of P. colorata (Willd. ex Roem. and Schult.) Müll. Arg. as an analgesic and to treat earache and stomach ache; the Wayapi Indians use P. ulviformis Steyerm. in an antipyretic bath and as an analgesic too; P. ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes is used as a stimulant and to treat intoxication (Porto et al., 2009; Santos et al., 2017).
Hallucinogens, CNS Stimulants, And Cannabis
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
The principal alkaloids of this plant group were recognized early as being related to harmine (Figure 6) through various degrees of hydrogena-tion in the pyridine ring. The major alkaloid in Banisteriopsis caapi has been reported to be the dihydro counterpart, harmaline (Figure 6, R2 = H2).13 This isomer may be the major contributor to the action of the plant product Ayahuasca, as the tetrahydro analog (tetrahydroharmine, Lepto-florin, Figure 6, Rx, R2 = H2). Although clearly present as an alkaloidal component,14 it appears be less active than harmaline in humans.15
Ayahuasca Lyophilization (Freeze-drying) Protocol with Pre- and Post-procedure Alkaloids Quantification
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2022
Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Vanessa Manchim Favaro, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Alessandra Sussulini, Fernando Cassas, Maria Gabriela Menezes Oliveira
Ayahuasca is an ancient psychedelic concoction of different Amazonian plants, and is an important facet of many practices, including therapeutic, of South American native people. Ayahuasca’s most common preparation consists of the decoction of the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and the Psychotria viridis leaves (Anderson et al. 2012; Luna 2011). The vine possesses several β-carboline alkaloids, from which the most studied are harmine (HME), harmaline (HML), and tetrahydroharmine (THH). The main compound of the leaves is the N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a tryptamine with no psychoactive effect if orally ingested given the deamination process performed by the monoamine oxidases (MAO) present in the liver and the gut. Therefore, the psychoactive effect of ayahuasca occurs mainly due to the synergy between the β-carbolines, which act as competitive inhibitors of the MAO-A enzyme, and DMT (Domínguez-Clavé et al. 2016).
Traditional Use of Banisteriopsis caapi Alone and Its Application in a Context of Drug Addiction Therapy
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
Matteo Politi, Fabio Friso, Gary Saucedo, Jaime Torres
The vine Banisteriopsis caapi is a major source of β-Carbolines alkaloids within the ayahuasca brew (Callaway, Brito, and Neves 2005), which is generally prepared by combining its stems with the leaves of the bush chacruna (Psychotria viridis) (Luna 2011). The classical explanation of the role of the vine within this psychoactive beverage has been linked to the Monoamine Oxidase inhibitory (MAOi) activity, being the visionary effect associated with the alkaloid N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) extracted from chacruna and other plant sources (McKenna, Towers, and Abbott 1984). The use of B. caapi alone, however, has been reported in certain Amazonian regions (Desmarchelier et al. 1996; Luna 2011). This latter practice is known in particular within the Awajún community, the second-largest Amazonian ethnic group in Peru after the Ashaninka (INEI 2018).
Short-Term Treatment Effects of a Substance Use Disorder Therapy Involving Traditional Amazonian Medicine
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2019
Ilana Berlowitz, Heinrich Walt, Christian Ghasarian, Fernando Mendive, Chantal Martin-Soelch
Amazonian medicine is an ancient indigenous healing system making use of medicinal plants from the Amazon rainforest, according to sophisticated application methods and ritual techniques (Berlowitz et al. 2017; Bussmann and Sharon 2006; Luna 1986; Sanz-Biset et al. 2009). Among Amazonian medicinal plants, Banisteriopsis caapi, the ayahuasca vine, has become well known in the modern west, and is increasingly discussed for its potentials for assisting the treatment of psychosomatic problems, such as SUD (Bouso and Riba 2014; Fabregas et al. 2010; Labate and Cavnar 2014; McKenna 2004; Riba et al. 2003; Thomas et al. 2013). Nonetheless, Amazonian medicine offers numerous other plants aside from ayahuasca (Sanz-Biset et al. 2009; Shepard 1998), some of which are being applied at the Takiwasi Center to target symptoms of SUD, such as withdrawal or craving, as part of the addiction treatment program (Berlowitz et al. 2017). Internally generated data from the center suggest favorable results (Giove Nakazawa 2002), but clinical parameters and outcomes have not yet been scientifically established. Consequently, the goal of the current study was to empirically assess the short-term therapeutic effects of this innovational treatment program.