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Order Picornavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Somasundaram et al. (2016) presented obstacles for the enhanced production of both EV71 and CVA16 VLPs, comparing the VLP yields in Sf9 and HighFive cells. The authors used high-resolution asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation couple with multiangle light scattering (AF4-MALS) for the first time to characterize the EV71 and CVA16 VLPs, displaying an average root mean square radius of 15 ± 1 nm and 15.3 ± 5.8 nm, respectively.
Nanocarrier Technologies for Enhancing the Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Api
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Ashwini Deshpande, Tulshidas S. Patil
The oral bioavailability of commercially available colloidal silver nanoparticles Collargol was studied using the rat animal model. Collargol has an average diameter nearly 15 nm and consists ~70% silver and ~30% of protein matrix. The silver content is monitored in the liver, kidney, urine and feces. With the help of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) coupled with UV-Vis analysis, scientist proved that intact silver was present in the feces and using Laser ablation–ICP MS imaging, scientist proved silver was able to penetrate and accumulate in the liver. This is supported by the hypothesis of presence of higher amounts of sulfur in the liver which form a complex with silver. On the other hand, in the kidneys, the silver is retained in the cortex and excreted in very minute amounts through urine over a period of 30 days. Researchers also demonstrated that oxidation of silver nanoparticles in the biological environment producing Ag(I) which complexes by a number of proteins, the major of which is metallothionein in the kidney [250].
Preclinical Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles Intended for Cancer Therapeutics
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Anil K. Patri, Marina A. Dobrovolskaia, Stephan T. Stern, Scott E. McNeil
In cases where the separation and fractionation of nanomaterial is not possible using a column with a stationary phase, such as when the nanomaterial may interact with the column packing material and render it unstable, asymmetric-flow field flow fractionation (AFFF) is useful.32 In AFFF, separation occurs when the sample passes through a narrow channel with a cross-flow through a porous semi-permeable membrane. The faster moving smaller particles rise to the top of the flow and come out first followed by larger particles that stay closer to the membrane and migrate more slowly. One advantage in this method is that there is no stationary phase in the separation: the sample injected comes out intact with little loss of material due to nonspecific binding. This feature is particularly useful for less stable nanoparticles such as liposomes, or for polymer-or protein-coated metal nanoparticles that would otherwise interfere with the performance of a traditional GPC column. The efficiency of separation for AFFF is not as good as with GPC, but there have been recent improvements in instrumentation that are closing the gap in performance. For both GPC and AFFF, the quantity and hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles are detected in eluted peaks by measuring absorbance, refractive index, and light scattering.
Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles play an important role in platelet transfusion therapy
Published in Platelets, 2023
Zhi Cai, Junyan Feng, Nian Dong, Pan Zhou, Yuanshuai Huang, Hongwei Zhang
There is no optimal method to isolate, classify and characterize PEVs.56 Common methods for the separation PEVs include ultrafiltration, Polymer precipitation, density gradient centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, asymmetric flow field-flow, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and immune affinity (Table 1).57 SEC has a recovery of up to 90%. Compared to ultracentrifugation, SEC is effective in preventing the aggregation of EVs and is better able to retain the integrity and biological function of PEVs.58 Although asymmetric flow-field-flow fractionation is currently the best method for PEVs separation, the yield is poor and the process is very complicated [59]. Ultracentrifugation is regarded as the gold standard method for separating EVs populations, allowing for the removal of platelets while obtaining PEVs of moderate purity.59 Immune affinity does not efficiently elute the entire EVs from the separation beads, but high purity and exosomes of specific origin are obtained.55 It is possible to obtain purer PEVs using a novel method combining multiple separation methods. For example, a combination of size exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation has been used to obtain pure PEVs, but the concentrations have not reached the sample concentrations required to test the functional properties of PEVs.58
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018
Clotilde Théry, Kenneth W Witwer, Elena Aikawa, Maria Jose Alcaraz, Johnathon D Anderson, Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina, Anna Antoniou, Tanina Arab, Fabienne Archer, Georgia K Atkin-Smith, D Craig Ayre, Jean-Marie Bach, Daniel Bachurski, Hossein Baharvand, Leonora Balaj, Shawn Baldacchino, Natalie N Bauer, Amy A Baxter, Mary Bebawy, Carla Beckham, Apolonija Bedina Zavec, Abderrahim Benmoussa, Anna C Berardi, Paolo Bergese, Ewa Bielska, Cherie Blenkiron, Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz, Eric Boilard, Wilfrid Boireau, Antonella Bongiovanni, Francesc E Borràs, Steffi Bosch, Chantal M Boulanger, Xandra Breakefield, Andrew M Breglio, Meadhbh Á Brennan, David R Brigstock, Alain Brisson, Marike LD Broekman, Jacqueline F Bromberg, Paulina Bryl-Górecka, Shilpa Buch, Amy H Buck, Dylan Burger, Sara Busatto, Dominik Buschmann, Benedetta Bussolati, Edit I Buzás, James Bryan Byrd, Giovanni Camussi, David RF Carter, Sarah Caruso, Lawrence W Chamley, Yu-Ting Chang, Chihchen Chen, Shuai Chen, Lesley Cheng, Andrew R Chin, Aled Clayton, Stefano P Clerici, Alex Cocks, Emanuele Cocucci, Robert J Coffey, Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva, Yvonne Couch, Frank AW Coumans, Beth Coyle, Rossella Crescitelli, Miria Ferreira Criado, Crislyn D’Souza-Schorey, Saumya Das, Amrita Datta Chaudhuri, Paola de Candia, Eliezer F De Santana, Olivier De Wever, Hernando A del Portillo, Tanguy Demaret, Sarah Deville, Andrew Devitt, Bert Dhondt, Dolores Di Vizio, Lothar C Dieterich, Vincenza Dolo, Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio, Massimo Dominici, Mauricio R Dourado, Tom AP Driedonks, Filipe V Duarte, Heather M Duncan, Ramon M Eichenberger, Karin Ekström, Samir EL Andaloussi, Celine Elie-Caille, Uta Erdbrügger, Juan M Falcón-Pérez, Farah Fatima, Jason E Fish, Miguel Flores-Bellver, András Försönits, Annie Frelet-Barrand, Fabia Fricke, Gregor Fuhrmann, Susanne Gabrielsson, Ana Gámez-Valero, Chris Gardiner, Kathrin Gärtner, Raphael Gaudin, Yong Song Gho, Bernd Giebel, Caroline Gilbert, Mario Gimona, Ilaria Giusti, Deborah CI Goberdhan, André Görgens, Sharon M Gorski, David W Greening, Julia Christina Gross, Alice Gualerzi, Gopal N Gupta, Dakota Gustafson, Aase Handberg, Reka A Haraszti, Paul Harrison, Hargita Hegyesi, An Hendrix, Andrew F Hill, Fred H Hochberg, Karl F Hoffmann, Beth Holder, Harry Holthofer, Baharak Hosseinkhani, Guoku Hu, Yiyao Huang, Veronica Huber, Stuart Hunt, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin Ibrahim, Tsuneya Ikezu, Jameel M Inal, Mustafa Isin, Alena Ivanova, Hannah K Jackson, Soren Jacobsen, Steven M Jay, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Guido Jenster, Lanzhou Jiang, Suzanne M Johnson, Jennifer C Jones, Ambrose Jong, Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman, Stephanie Jung, Raghu Kalluri, Shin-ichi Kano, Sukhbir Kaur, Yumi Kawamura, Evan T Keller, Delaram Khamari, Elena Khomyakova, Anastasia Khvorova, Peter Kierulf, Kwang Pyo Kim, Thomas Kislinger, Mikael Klingeborn, David J Klinke, Miroslaw Kornek, Maja M Kosanović, Árpád Ferenc Kovács, Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers, Susanne Krasemann, Mirja Krause, Igor V Kurochkin, Gina D Kusuma, Sören Kuypers, Saara Laitinen, Scott M Langevin, Lucia R Languino, Joanne Lannigan, Cecilia Lässer, Louise C Laurent, Gregory Lavieu, Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez, Soazig Le Lay, Myung-Shin Lee, Yi Xin Fiona Lee, Debora S Lemos, Metka Lenassi, Aleksandra Leszczynska, Isaac TS Li, Ke Liao, Sten F Libregts, Erzsebet Ligeti, Rebecca Lim, Sai Kiang Lim, Aija Linē, Karen Linnemannstöns, Alicia Llorente, Catherine A Lombard, Magdalena J Lorenowicz, Ákos M Lörincz, Jan Lötvall, Jason Lovett, Michelle C Lowry, Xavier Loyer, Quan Lu, Barbara Lukomska, Taral R Lunavat, Sybren LN Maas, Harmeet Malhi, Antonio Marcilla, Jacopo Mariani, Javier Mariscal, Elena S Martens-Uzunova, Lorena Martin-Jaular, M Carmen Martinez, Vilma Regina Martins, Mathilde Mathieu, Suresh Mathivanan, Marco Maugeri, Lynda K McGinnis, Mark J McVey, David G Meckes, Katie L Meehan, Inge Mertens, Valentina R Minciacchi, Andreas Möller, Malene Møller Jørgensen, Aizea Morales-Kastresana, Jess Morhayim, François Mullier, Maurizio Muraca, Luca Musante, Veronika Mussack, Dillon C Muth, Kathryn H Myburgh, Tanbir Najrana, Muhammad Nawaz, Irina Nazarenko, Peter Nejsum, Christian Neri, Tommaso Neri, Rienk Nieuwland, Leonardo Nimrichter, John P Nolan, Esther NM Nolte-’t Hoen, Nicole Noren Hooten, Lorraine O’Driscoll, Tina O’Grady, Ana O’Loghlen, Takahiro Ochiya, Martin Olivier, Alberto Ortiz, Luis A Ortiz, Xabier Osteikoetxea, Ole Østergaard, Matias Ostrowski, Jaesung Park, D. Michiel Pegtel, Hector Peinado, Francesca Perut, Michael W Pfaffl, Donald G Phinney, Bartijn CH Pieters, Ryan C Pink, David S Pisetsky, Elke Pogge von Strandmann, Iva Polakovicova, Ivan KH Poon, Bonita H Powell, Ilaria Prada, Lynn Pulliam, Peter Quesenberry, Annalisa Radeghieri, Robert L Raffai, Stefania Raimondo, Janusz Rak, Marcel I Ramirez, Graça Raposo, Morsi S Rayyan, Neta Regev-Rudzki, Franz L Ricklefs, Paul D Robbins, David D Roberts, Silvia C Rodrigues, Eva Rohde, Sophie Rome, Kasper MA Rouschop, Aurelia Rughetti, Ashley E Russell, Paula Saá, Susmita Sahoo, Edison Salas-Huenuleo, Catherine Sánchez, Julie A Saugstad, Meike J Saul, Raymond M Schiffelers, Raphael Schneider, Tine Hiorth Schøyen, Aaron Scott, Eriomina Shahaj, Shivani Sharma, Olga Shatnyeva, Faezeh Shekari, Ganesh Vilas Shelke, Ashok K Shetty, Kiyotaka Shiba, Pia R-M Siljander, Andreia M Silva, Agata Skowronek, Orman L Snyder, Rodrigo Pedro Soares, Barbara W Sódar, Carolina Soekmadji, Javier Sotillo, Philip D Stahl, Willem Stoorvogel, Shannon L Stott, Erwin F Strasser, Simon Swift, Hidetoshi Tahara, Muneesh Tewari, Kate Timms, Swasti Tiwari, Rochelle Tixeira, Mercedes Tkach, Wei Seong Toh, Richard Tomasini, Ana Claudia Torrecilhas, Juan Pablo Tosar, Vasilis Toxavidis, Lorena Urbanelli, Pieter Vader, Bas WM van Balkom, Susanne G van der Grein, Jan Van Deun, Martijn JC van Herwijnen, Kendall Van Keuren-Jensen, Guillaume van Niel, Martin E van Royen, Andre J van Wijnen, M Helena Vasconcelos, Ivan J Vechetti, Tiago D Veit, Laura J Vella, Émilie Velot, Frederik J Verweij, Beate Vestad, Jose L Viñas, Tamás Visnovitz, Krisztina V Vukman, Jessica Wahlgren, Dionysios C Watson, Marca HM Wauben, Alissa Weaver, Jason P Webber, Viktoria Weber, Ann M Wehman, Daniel J Weiss, Joshua A Welsh, Sebastian Wendt, Asa M Wheelock, Zoltán Wiener, Leonie Witte, Joy Wolfram, Angeliki Xagorari, Patricia Xander, Jing Xu, Xiaomei Yan, María Yáñez-Mó, Hang Yin, Yuana Yuana, Valentina Zappulli, Jana Zarubova, Vytautas Žėkas, Jian-ye Zhang, Zezhou Zhao, Lei Zheng, Alexander R Zheutlin, Antje M Zickler, Pascale Zimmermann, Angela M Zivkovic, Davide Zocco, Ewa K Zuba-Surma
A variety of additional techniques or combinations of techniques have been or are currently being developed, some of which may become more prominent in the coming years if they achieve better recovery or specificity than legacy methods (and this must be demonstrated as in, e.g. [103]). Such methods include tangential flow filtration and variations thereon [21,104–110], field-flow fractionation (FFF) [111], asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFF, A4F, or AF4) [112–114], field-free viscoelastic flow [115], alternating current electrophoretics [116,117], acoustics [118], variations on size exclusion chromatography (SEC) [100,119–121], ion exchange chromatography [122–124], microfiltration [125], fluorescence-activated sorting [126,127] (especially for larger EVs including large apoptotic bodies [128] and large oncosomes [129]), deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) arrays [130], novel immunoisolation or other affinity isolation technologies [131–138], including lipid affinity [139], novel precipitation/combination techniques [140–142], hydrostatic filtration dialysis [143], high-throughput/high-pressure methods such as fast protein/high perfomance liquid chromatography (FPLC/HPLC) that involve some form of chromatography [144] and a wide variety of microfluidics devices that harness one or more principles, including some of those mentioned above [145–153]. Of course, combinations of methods will continue to be used and may outperform single-method approaches.
Equivalence of glatiramer acetate products: challenges in assessing pharmaceutical equivalence and critical clinical performance attributes
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Rogstad and coworkers at the FDA used asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to a MALS detector to study batch-to-batch variability of Copaxone and compared the resulting elution profiles with those of a Sigma GA product with a different molecular weight range than Copaxone [25]. In AF4, separation depends on the different retention times of particles in the parabolic flow of the solvent through a channel of defined measurements. No packing material as in other separation methods is needed, and therefore creation of artifacts through aggregation during separation is reduced. In addition, undigested GA material can be characterized providing information on the ‘original’ peptide structures in the GA formulation.