China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gastrointestinal Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Gareth Davies, Chris Black, Keeley Fairbrass
Most diarrhoea is self-limiting and medication is best avoided (other than for rehydration and electrolyte/glucose replacement). Treatment with antidiarrhoeal drugs is indicated while awaiting diagnosis and definitive treatment of more persistent diarrhoea. The main contraindication is acute severe colitis (may precipitate toxic megacolon). Most antidiarrhoeals are opioid drugs. Loperamide is widely used as a first-line agent and rarely causes CNS side effects. Co-phenotrope combines an opiate and an anticholinergic. More potent opiates such as codeine or even slow-release morphine preparations are occasionally required.
Nutritional and Dietary Supplementation during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
This antidiarrheal agent works by decreasing intestinal motility. No human reproduction studies have been published. According to its manufacturer, loperamide was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits. It is an FDA category B drug under the old system.
Using Medication Wisely
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
Antidiarrheal medications can give you real relief when your symptoms are at their worst, and using them judiciously, at the lowest dose possible, and only when you actually need them is perfectly reasonable. The problems arise when you start using it prophylactically (to prevent symptoms from even starting) or reactively by over-correcting for symptoms you are having. So don’t take 2–3 Imodium in the morning just in case you might have diarrhea. And don’t overdo the Lomotil in response to a bout of diarrhea. You don’t want to chase your symptoms and end up over-correcting. This can lead to unfortunate cycles of diarrhea and constipation.
Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes of abemaciclib for the treatment of HR+, HER2− metastatic breast cancer
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Gebra Cuyun Carter, Kristin M. Sheffield, Anala Gossai, Yu-Jing Huang, Yajun Emily Zhu, Lee Bowman, Emily Nash Smyth, Raina Mathur, Aaron B. Cohen, Erik Rasmussen, Shreya Balakrishna, Claudia Morato Guimaraes, Sarah Rybowski, Andrew D. Seidman
RwAE diarrhea incidence was lower than clinical trials (∼85%)6,7,10,11; however, abemaciclib discontinuation due to diarrhea was higher in the real-world, occurring in 11.9% of this cohort compared to <3.0% in MONARCH 2 and 320. Anti-diarrheal medication use among all patients with diarrhea was consistent with clinical trial results (∼70%)21. Median time-to-onset of diarrhea symptoms was longer in the real-world (27 days versus 6–8 days in clinical trials)20. Differences in abemaciclib discontinuation due to diarrhea and median time-to-onset of diarrhea symptoms may be due to heterogeneity in side effect management; clinical trial physicians follow a strict protocol and monitor patients in pre-specified ascertainment windows, which is not done in the real-world setting. Since grading is not typically used in a clinical practice setting, grade was not available for the rwAE of diarrhea or VTE, unlike CTCAE grade information available in clinical trials. RwAE incidence of any grade and grade ≥3 neutropenia was lower (36% and 8%, respectively) than in MONARCH 2 (46% and 27%) and 3 (44% and 24%)21; this may be due to laboratory measurement occurring at a different frequency in clinical trials versus the real-world setting, or due to applied derivation rules. Elevated liver enzymes occurred at lower rates in the real world than in clinical trials. Incidence of any-grade VTEs was consistent with clinical trials.
Management and characteristics of patients suffering from Clostridiodes difficile infection in primary care
Published in European Journal of General Practice, 2021
Maria Klezovich-Bénard, Frédérique Bouchand, Elisabeth Rouveix, Pierre L. Goossens, Benjamin Davido
Confirmed C. difficile infection was defined by the clinical presence of diarrhoea and a positive finding of C. difficile toxins in stool samples (by PCR or immune assay) [17].Long-lasting diarrhoea was defined by the persistence of symptoms (≥ 3 unformed stools in 24 hours) more than three days under symptomatic treatment using anti-diarrheal drugs regardless of the outcome.Recovery was defined by resolution of symptoms at the end of specific treatment.Recurrent C. difficile infection was defined by reappearance of symptoms within four weeks after treatment completion [18,19].
Neratinib plus capecitabine for the treatment of advanced HER2-positive breast cancer
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2020
Mafalda Oliveira, Laia Garrigós, Juan David Assaf, Santiago Escrivá-de-Romaní, Cristina Saura
Neratinib as single agent was evaluated in a phase II trial in patients with HER2-positive MBC that had received up to four lines of systemic treatment in the advanced setting [35]. There were two cohorts, one with patients previously treated with trastuzumab (n = 66) and another with patients without prior exposure to trastuzumab (n = 64). All patients received neratinib 240 mg QD. Primary endpoint was 16-week-PFS, which was 59% for patients with prior trastuzumab and 78% in the trastuzumab-naïve cohort. Median PFS was 5.6 months for patients with prior trastuzumab and 9.9 months for patients with no prior trastuzumab. Patients with prior trastuzumab had an ORR of 24%, while it was 56% in the trastuzumab-naïve patients, reflecting the potent anti-HER2 activity of neratinib in patients without prior anti-HER2 therapy. Clinical benefit rate (CBR) was 33% and 69%, respectively. Diarrhea was the most frequent adverse event. In patients with prior trastuzumab, all grade and grade 3/4 diarrhea was observed in 97% and 30% of patients, respectively; in trastuzumab-naïve patients, the incidence of all grade and grade 3/4 diarrhea was 89% and 13%, respectively. The median time to onset of diarrhea was 2 to 3 days and its median duration was 5 to 7 days. Diarrhea was manageable with antidiarrheal agents and dose modifications. Dose reductions were required in 29% of patients in the prior trastuzumab cohort versus 4% in the trastuzumab-naïve patients. Other common adverse events were nausea (36% overall), vomiting (31%), and fatigue (24%).