China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemical and Biological Threats to Public Safety
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The anthrax vaccine is an effective control measure and was developed from an attenuated strain of B. anthracis. Clinical studies have calculated the efficacy level of the vaccine at about 92.5%. The vaccine derives from cell-free culture filtrates of this strain and in its final formulation, is adsorbed onto an aluminum salt. The licensed anthrax vaccine, anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA),* is recommended for individuals at risk for occupational exposure and persons involved with diagnostic, clinical, or investigational activities with B. anthracis spores. Vaccination is not available to the general public and is not recommended to prevent disease.
Vaccines against anthrax based on recombinant protective antigen: problems and solutions
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Olga A. Kondakova, Nikolai A. Nikitin, Ekaterina A. Evtushenko, Ekaterina M. Ryabchevskaya, Joseph G. Atabekov, Olga V. Karpova
Live attenuated vaccines are used in Russia (live spores from the attenuated strain STI-1 of B. anthracis) and China (а suspension of the attenuated strain A16R of B.anthracis). Results of live anthrax vaccine trials are described in detail in [14–16]. Both these vaccines provide good protection; however, they are not used for human protection in the West. Two licensed subunit PA-based human vaccines – anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, BioThrax™) in the US and anthrax vaccine precipitated (AVP) in the UK – have been used to vaccinate humans for more than 40 years. Both vaccines are obtained by generating attenuated (pXO1+/pXO2-) B. аnthracis strains V770-NP1-R (AVA) and Sterne 34F2 (AVP) in liquid cultures, further using a cell-free filtrate as the basis for the vaccine. In AVA, as well as in AVP, the protective antigen of B. anthracis serves as a major immunogen [17,18]. Due to technological issues, both vaccines inevitably contain some traces of LF and EF, which may cause adverse reactions. AVA contains unquantified amounts of PA and small quantities of LF and EF. AVA-induced antibodies to LF and EF were demonstrated not to influence neutralization of the anthrax toxin [19–21]. In contrast to AVA, AVP contains PA in the concentration of 7.9 μg/mL, LF – 1.9 μg/mL and detectable amounts of EF. AVP-induced antibodies to EF also have no effect on anthrax toxin neutralization [20]. However, anti-LF IgG makes an independent and additive contribution to the LT neutralization response in the AVP group [21]. Other differences between the vaccines include adsorption to aluminum hydroxide gel (AVA) versus precipitation with aluminum potassium sulfate (AVP) and the use of different preservatives [22,23].