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Granulation and Production Approaches of Orally Disintegrating Tablets
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Tansel Comoglu, Fatemeh Bahadori
Ghareeb and Mohammedways have prepared meclizine hydrochloride ODTs by using the wet granulation method. In this study, sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and croscarmellose sodium at different ratios have been used as superdisintegrant. On the other hand, ammonium carbonate and camphor have also incorporated in ODTs as a subliming agent. Dissolution study results showed that the release of meclizine hydrochloride from ODTs prepared by wet granulation method and conventional tablet showed 100% and 49.32% drug release respectively at 15 minutes, which consequently indicates that enhancement of drug release has been obtained by ODTs [21]. Sheshala et al. have prepared ondansetron ODTs with diverse superdisintegrants by wet granulation method. They have evaluated the ODTs both in in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro disintegration time for all ODTs is reported between 5.8 and 33.0 seconds. The selected formulation with 15% Polyplasdone XL has released more than 90% of active material within five minutes [22].
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
To analyze drug in body fluids, an amino analytical column was used with a silica guard column (100 × 4 mm, packed with 37-μm particles) and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-10% ammonium carbonate (70:26:4) flowing at 1.5 ml/min through a detector adjusted to 274 nm [46]. For saliva, 5% ammonium carbonate was substituted. Respective detection limits for plasma, urine, and saliva were 0.4, 3, and 0.03 μg/ml. Recoveries averaged 98% from 0.6 to 225 μg/ml plasma [264].
The Treatment of the Special Forms of Mental Disease
Published in Francis X. Dercum, Rest, Suggestion, 2019
The delirium is dependent not so much upon the presence of alcohol in the tissues, as upon the damage that the poison has already produced; it is best, nevertheless, in the majority of cases, to withdraw the alcohol. It is desirable, of course, to withdraw it altogether if possible; however, if the alcohol be withdrawn suddenly, it occasionally happens that the heart fails, that nervous collapse follows, or that the delirium itself assumes for the time being a more ominous character. Whether or not alcohol is to be administered in a given case, therefore, must depend largely upon the individual judgment of the physician, and also upon the effect which is obtained from the use of strychnin and digitalis. When in spite of other measures the pulse fails, and becomes frequent and weak, and the skin becomes cold and clammy, it is quite obvious that alcohol must be given in full doses. Indeed, such a condition of affairs should be anticipated. Frequently, solution of ammonium acetate, a half-ounce every hour or two, proves very serviceable in permitting a more rapid or earlier withdrawal of the alcohol, keeping up elimination and stimulating the heart. At times it is well to combine with it ammonium carbonate. As in other forms of delirium, it is also necessary to administer remedies to produce sleep. If the delirium be very active, medinal and sulphonal, so efficacious in ordinary forms of delirium, may be insufficient. Here lull doses of paraldehyd will in the majority of cases prove effectual and will greatly enhance the action of medinal and sulphonal. Now and then, though not often, the physician may be compelled to fall back upon other narcotics. In this connection, the depressing action of large doses of bromid should not be forgotten, nor should the untoward cardiac effect of chloral be lost sight of. We should remember, in regard to morphin, that alcoholics are sometimes dangerously tolerant to the drug. Failing to induce quiet, a second dose may be resorted to after too short an interval. The fact, also, of the frequency of renal involvement in alcoholism, should make us additionally careful with regard to the use of this drug. Under certain conditions, however, when other narcotics fail, it is perfectly proper to use a combination of bromin, chloral and morphin. Such a combination is, as a rule, very efficacious. It should contain a maximum amount of bromid and but moderate doses of chloral and morphin. The bromid should preferably be in the form of the ammonium salt. Hyoscin hydrobromate or scopolamin may also be employed, especially in association with other remedies, e.g., morphin. We should be satisfied if only a moderate degree of sleep is obtained, for as time passes and the symptoms subside, sleep comes on spontaneously. If the case be complicated by pneumonia or other visceral disease, this, of course, will demand especial attention. Supporting measures are then doubly indicated. If there be suppression of urine or serious renal involvement, intravenous saline transfusion or hypodermoclysis, with or without venesection, should, among other measures, be held in mind.
Microalgal biofouling formation on tubular cellulose-ester membranes during dewatering by forward osmosis
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Salma Karamad Yazdanabad, Yolanda Soriano Jerez, Abdolreza Samimi, Soheila Shokrollahzadeh, Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori, María José Ibáñez González, Tania Mazzuca Sobczuk, Emilio Molina Grima
To characterize the microalgal’s cell surface, a microalgal lawn was prepared as described elsewhere (Ozkan and Berberoglu 2013c), which was adapted to this microalgal consortium. Briefly, the microalgal consortium was centrifuged for 5 min at 7000 rpm (Beckman Coulter, Allegra 25 R model, Brea, CA, USA). Next, the pellets were mixed with ammonium carbonate (0.4 mol. L−1) and centrifuged (5 min, 7000 rpm) to eliminate excess salts. The supernatant was taken away again and the remaining pellets were suspended in water (5 ml). This microalgal suspension was filtrated with a cellulose acetate filter (0.45 µm). A thin layer of algal cells was spread on a glass substrate and dried in an oven at 30 °C for one hour to remove the excess water. The contact angle measurements were conducted at 25 °C for both the microalgal lawn and the membrane coupons (fouled or bare) using 5 μL drops of each reference testing liquid at different locations. The CA measurements were carried out in triplicate to obtain representative results and to evaluate error bars.
Cs-131 as an experimental tool for the investigation and quantification of the radiotoxicity of intracellular Auger decays in vitro
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Pil M. Fredericia, Mattia Siragusa, Ulli Köster, Gregory Severin, Torsten Groesser, Mikael Jensen
Ba-131 (11.5 days half-life) was produced by high flux neutron bombardment at the ILL reactor (Institute Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France) during 6–10 days at thermal neutron fluxes (1.1–1.3)·1015 cm−2 s−1 of either natural barium (25 mg carbonate, i.e. 17.4 mg barium) or 49% enriched Ba-130 (0.15 mg as nitrate). The irradiated targets were dissolved in hydrochloric acid, neutralized and re-precipitated with ammonium carbonate. The supernatant was spiked with sodium hydroxide, then dried and fired, leaving Cs-131 as a chloride salt with NaCl carrier. The re-precipitated targets were stored for 1–2 weeks for buildup of Cs-131, and then, the process could be repeated. We have milked up to 4 batches of useful Cs-131 activity from a single activated barium batch from ILL. The harvested Cs-131/NaCl salt was dissolved in hepes (Sigma-Aldrich, Brøndby, Denmark; for the bio-kinetic studies), or in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich) or water (for radiotoxicity assays) and pH was adjusted to ∼7.
Some observations on the liquid crystalline and gel behaviors of aqueous dispersions of a prodrug
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Li Tao, Jinjiang Li, Swathi Pinamanenni, Krishnaswamy Raghavan
A reverse-phase isocratic HPLC method was used for all solubility measurements. Waters 2690 Separation Module equipped with an autosampler and a 996 photodiode array detector was employed for sample analysis. To separate API from others, Waters Xbridge C18 column (4.6 mm x150mm with 3.5 μm particle size) was used, along with a mobile phase consisted of 62% acetonitrile solution (v/v) with 20 mM ammonium carbonate (pH 9.5). Other experimental conditions include the following: a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute, a column temperature at 45 °C, and a detection wavelength at 263 nm.