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Plant-Based Adjunct Therapy for Tuberculosis
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Lydia Gibango, Anna-Mari Reid, Jonathan L. Seaman, Namrita Lall
Drug–drug interactions occur when the effect of one drug is affected by the presence of a concomitant drug (Magro et al., 2012). These drug interactions may cause adverse drug reactions which, for the most part, are predictable and can be avoided. However, prevention is very complex in practice due to the high number of drugs that could potentially interact with one another (Létinier et al., 2019).
Research and Development for COVID-19 Vaccines
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Srijan Goswami, Ushmita Gupta Bakshi
In the pre-clinical stage, the candidate vaccines are tested on cell-culture, tissue-culture systems, and laboratory animals. It consists of the following important events.Administration of candidate vaccines to laboratory animals.Monitoring of adverse drug reactions.Monitoring of efficacy.Intentional introduction of virus (SARS-CoV-2) into test animals.Final observation (ensuring whether the candidate vaccine is able to prevent disease development in test animals) (Figure 10.2).
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
An adverse drug reaction is an unwanted and sometimes harmful side reaction caused by taking a therapeutic agent or combination of agents. As part of a Personalized Medicine approach, biomarkers can be used to predict the likely toxicity in an individual patient, and a number of examples are described below.
Tolerability of pharmacological agents in the treatment of headache following brain injury: a scoping review
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Heather M. MacKenzie, Michael Robinson, Amanda McIntyre
The approach to managing post-traumatic headaches (PTH) typically includes both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies. Targeted interventional procedures including nerve blocks and botulinum toxin injections may also be considered. However, the scientific evidence describing the management of headaches post TBI is limited, and consequently there are no evidence-based guidelines to support clinical decision-making. The standard of care in managing headaches after TBI involves an assessment of characteristics and associated symptoms to determine which primary headache subtype the clinical presentation most closely resembles. The most common headache subtypes that are observed following TBI include migraine, probable migraine, and tension-type headaches (4,6). Subsequent treatment recommendations include following the primary headache literature; however, this is problematic because individuals who have sustained a TBI have unique needs that are not accounted for by the guidelines developed for primary headache management. Specifically, clinicians must exercise caution when prescribing pharmacologic agents to individuals who have sustained a TBI due to the associated risk of adverse drug reactions. Adverse drug reactions are any “noxious and unintended response to a drug which occurs at doses normally used or tested for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease or the modification of an organic function” (7).
Is My E/M Visit Separately Billable?
Published in Oncology Issues, 2022
But what if there has been a change in the patient or there is no pre- or post-surgical period attached to the E/M visit? In these scenarios, providers may have an opportunity to bill for the E/M visit, in addition to any of the other services delivered on that same day. In the below scenarios, providers can bill a separate E/M visit, but they must also review new or recent diagnostic findings and/or results with the patient:The patient presents with a new problem or complaint. Examples include bone pain, dizziness, cognitive changes, deep vein thrombosis, or plural effusion symptoms.The patient presents with a side effect to their drug therapy, requiring assessment, intervention, or a new prescription. Examples include nausea, pain, fever, diarrhea, or mouth sores.There is a change in the drug therapy treatment plan that requires a discussion with the patient. Examples include need for new drug regimen, palliative care, or hospice.The patient has an adverse drug reaction, requiring assessment and/or intervention by the provider.
Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate aerosol foam for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a review of real-world evidence (RWE)
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Sascha Gerdes, Manuel Velasco, Jashin J. Wu, Mario Hubo, Karen A. Veverka
Effectiveness and safety were assessed by the investigators in 390 patients of whom 97% had applied the Cal/BD foam once daily. After 4 weeks’ treatment, 49% of patients achieved complete or almost complete clearing of their lesions (Figure 2(a)). This was independent of how severe their psoriasis was at study entry and was rated as statistically significant by investigators (p < .001; Bhapkar’s test). In particular, 43% of all patients with an IGA of 4 (severe psoriasis) at baseline achieved treatment success after 4 weeks (defined as being clear/almost clear and a ≥ 2-step improvement in the IGA rating); in comparison to 24% in the overall population reaching the same outcome. Further, significant improvements in PASI, affected BSA as well as in IGA (p < .0001; Wilcoxon log-rank test) were observed after 4 weeks of Cal/BD foam therapy (not shown). For the safety analysis (n = 391), a total of 29 adverse events were documented in 28 patients (7.2%). No serious or severe adverse events were reported. The majority of adverse drug reactions (23 of 28 [82%] patients) were related to ‘insufficient response’; all other adverse events occurred occasionally in isolated patients only (including itching at the application site, diarrhea, constipation, influenza-like symptoms, confused state, and increased blood glucose levels). Overall, tolerability was rated as very good or good by 99% of investigators.