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Trauma and Poisoning
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Absorption of poisons from the GI tract may also be reduced by administering an adsorbent such as activated charcoal to adsorb the toxin and either remove it with lavage or allow it to pass through the gut without absorption into the body. Adsorbents are often administered in conjunction with saline cathartics, most frequently sorbitol although magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) was used more commonly in the past. Saline laxatives decrease the GI transit time, so they may be administered with an adsorbent to reduce the amount of time the poison is available for absorption.
Cholinergic Antagonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Vishal S. Gulecha, Manoj S. Mahajan, Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
Nicotine poisoning, especially in children, may result from an unintended intake of nicotine-containing insecticide sprays or chewing tobacco products. Severe lethal dose of nicotine in adults is about 60 mg of the base and tobacco smoke contains about 6–11 mg (1–2%) of nicotine. It appears that the absorption of nicotine from tobacco is delayed during tobacco chewing due to slow gastric emptying leading to vomiting and removal of tobacco from GIT. The symptoms of acute and severe nicotine poisoning appear quickly. It is characterized by nausea, increased salivary secretions, abdominal ache, vomiting, diarrhea, cold sweat, headache, vertigo, dizziness, impaired hearing, balance and vision, mental confusion, and weakness. These symptoms can be overcome by vomiting, gastric lavage, or by the administration of adsorbents like activated charcoal slurry through a tube in the left side of stomach and maintenance of respiration (Brunton et al. 2011).
Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
A range of pre-concentration techniques consisting of stainless-steel/glass tubes (containing adsorbents used for various samples) is available for saliva/breath sampling. An adsorbent that is appropriate for all VOCs must be chosen to pack such tubes, and this is not always an easy task. There are four different main types of adsorbents: porous organic polymers, activated charcoal, carbon molecular sieves and graphitized carbon blacks (which can be porous or non-porous). Tenax (2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) is arguably the most commonly used adsorbent due to its hydrophobicity, thermal stability and its ability to adsorb a wide range of VOCs.
Scylla Sp. Shell: a potential green adsorbent for wastewater treatment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Azrul Nurfaiz Mohd Faizal, Nicky Rahmana Putra, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
In realizing the practicality of using crab shell as green adsorbent in real adsorption setting, the fundamental aspects like the mode of operation, modeling, regeneration, and multi-complex nature of wastewater are essential to be considered. The operation mode in adsorption depends on the volume of treated water, the time needed for treatment, the capital and operating costs, and the area of treatment plant. The batch adsorption has been widely reported to describe the effectiveness of adsorbent at laboratory scale. It deals with small volume of wastewater to be treated aimed at optimizing the operating parameters such as equilibrium time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contaminant concentration for scaling-up purposes (Bajpai and Rajpoot 1999, Dotto and McKay 2020). Although the upscaling is straightforward, the batch mode seems to call for large physical area and additional unit operations for solid-liquid separation. Alternatively, the dynamic (continuous) mode allows the treatment of large volume of wastewater at small physical area and does not require extra separation step. Also, the operation is responsive to hydrodynamic limitations, i.e., high pressure drop and preferential pathway, provided that the adsorbent is not in too fine powders.
Green and eco-friendly adsorption of dyes with organoclay: isothermal, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Shahzaib Tariq, Muhammad Saeed, Usman Zahid, Maimoona Munir, Azeem Intisar, Muhammad Asad Riaz, Aqsa Riaz, Muhammad Waqas, Hafiz Muhammad Waqar Abid
During the last few decades, adsorptive removal of dyes has gained considerable research interest in modification that results in increased adsorption capacity. Based on experimental results, about 99% of the dyes can be removed from the solution via the adsorption process (Adeyemo et al. 2017). Adsorption is considered to be one of the most popular techniques for dyes removal owing to its high efficacy, cost efficiency, simple operation, and tolerant of processing conditions (Lee et al. 2006). Commonly used adsorbents are graphene nanoplates (Zhang et al. 2018), mesoporous silica (Huang et al. 2011), magnetic carbon (Wang, Zhang et al. 2018), activated alumina (Wasti and Ali Awan 2016), activated charcoal (Iqbal and Ashiq 2007), mesoporous carbon (Galán et al. 2013), etc. but they exhibit lower adsorption capacity as compared to a clay material.
First report on the presence of aflatoxins in fig seed oil and the efficacy of adsorbents in reducing aflatoxin levels in aqueous and oily media
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Of course, prevention of mold contamination and toxin production is the best solution to aflatoxin problem (Luo et al. 2018). However, it is not that easy in practice due to moderate temperature, high humidity, sudden rains, etc. and developing decontamination strategies are inevitable. Among these, adsorption is regarded as superior to other processes such as heat treatment, oxidation etc. since the former does not change the chemical structure of the toxin and does not cause the formation of toxic by- and degradation-products (Olopade et al.2019). Adsorbents are currently used in a wide range of applications including pollution control, purification, separation, and others across a large number of industrial sectors (Jenkins 2015). Moreover, the effectiveness of the adsorbents for reducing various mycotoxins from different food products have been examined in scientific studies (Var et al. 2008, Liu et al. 2021, Muaz and Riaz 2021) and successful results have been obtained. On the other hand, causing loss of some bioactive components contributing to nutritional value of the product was reported as the main disadvantage of adsorption process (Gokmen et al. 2001). A number of authors investigated different techniques to decontaminate dried figs (Altug et al. 1990, Zorlugenc et al. 2008, Karaca and Nas 2009); however, to our knowledge, there is no information regarding the employment of adsorption for aflatoxin removal from figs.