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The Need for Clinical Guidelines on NPS
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Owen Bowden-Jones, Dima Abdulrahim
Cocaine**, cocaine derivatives and piperazine, methamphetamine, mephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), butylone, ethcathinone, ethylone, 3- and 4-fluoromethcathinone, methedrone, methylone, pyrovalerone, 3-MeOMC, 3-MMC, 4-BMC, 4-MEC, 4-MeO-a-PVP, 4-MeO-PBP, 4-MeO-PV9, 4-MPD, 4F-PV8, 4FPV9, 4F-PVP, a-PBT, a-PHP, a-PVT, dibutylone, DL-4662, ethylone, MDPPP, MOPPP, NEB, pentedrone, MDMA, MDEA, methylone (bk-MDM), bk-MBDB (beta-ketone-MBDB), Butylone PMA, PMMA, 5-APB, 6-APB, 5-APDB, 6-APDB, 5-MAPB, 6-MAPB, 5-EAPB, 5-APD.
Neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects of N-methyl-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)propan-2-amine (methamnetamine) and 1-phenyl-2-pyrrolidinylpentane (prolintane)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Sohee Jeong, Kyung Sik Yoon, Jin-Moo Lee, Eun Sung Jo, Dojung Kim, Sun Ok Choi
Amphetamine has been regulated by all 183 states since 1971 by the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (UNODC 2007). Due to these regulations, illegal drug users have started to use NPS (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare 2015). Methamphetamine, one of the amphetamine substitute drugs, is a compound with a similar structure to 1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine (5-MAPB) and, thus, prohibited in Japan. Animal experiments conducted using positive control drugs or central stimulants, such as amphetamine, significantly contributed to developing drug regulations. Prolintane is also a CNS stimulant with similar structural and pharmacological properties to d-amphetamine (Hollister and Gillespie 1970). The side-effects of d-amphetamine include insomnia, nervousness, irritability, and dizziness (Martinez-mir et al. 1997). The overuse of prolintane can cause hallucination, substance use disorder, and schizophrenia and, eventually, death (Kyle and Daley 2007). However, the data on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of many NPSs are minimal. Particularly, there is a lack of research exploring the CNS and cardiovascular system (ICH 1997). Safety abbreviations have regulated the medicines related to NPSs through guidelines established by the International Conference on Harmonization of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. Safety pharmacology tests can be used to screen any issues with human organs, including the nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.
Underreporting of drug use among electronic dance music party attendees
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Joseph J. Palamar, Alberto Salomone, Katherine M. Keyes
Specimens were tested via published methods using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry [41–43]. We tested for common drugs including cannabis (THC), amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, ketamine, PCP, heroin (6-MAM), and prescription opioids including morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphine, and oxymorphone. We also tested for a variety of uncommon drugs and NPS including 19 synthetic cathinones (i.e. mephedrone, 4-MEC, methylone, 3,4-MDPV, pentedrone, 3-MMC, ethylcathinone, alpha-PVP, butylone, buphedrone, mexedrone, amfepramone, pentylone, methedrone, ethylone, naphyrone, 4-F-methylcathinone, 3,4-DMMC, alpha-PHiP) and 7 psychedelic phenethylamines (i.e. 2 C-B, 2 C-P, 25B-NBOMe, 25 C-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 4-EA-NBOMe). We also tested for 5 other euphoric stimulants (i.e. 4-FA, 5/6-APB, 5-MAPB, PMA, PMMA) and 3 dissociative NPS (i.e. MXE, 4-MeO-PCP, diphenidine). In addition, we tested for fentanyl, 8 fentanyl analogs (i.e. carfentanyl, acetylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, butyrfentanyl, acryloylfentanil, 4-fluorofentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, ocfentanyl), and for 5 other opioid NPS (i.e. U-47,700, U-49900, AH-7921, MT-45, U-51,754).