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GABA/BABA Priming Causes Signaling of Defense Pathways Related to Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
K.C. Jisha, A.M. Shackira, Jos T. Puthur
The quick signaling for inducing the defense mechanism against the adverse environmental conditions requires a stress signal, which gets transduced like a neurotransmitter. Major neurotransmitters found in plants include acetylcholine, epinephrine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, levodopa, melatonin, serotonin, and so on (Fait et al. 2006). Later, it was discovered that GABA is largely and rapidly produced in plants in response to various biotic and abiotic stress factors. For example, when insects walk across a leaf, rapid accumulation of GABA was monitored within seconds (Scholz et al. 2015). In addition, β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) a close structural relative of GABA, is a potent inducer of acquired disease resistant in plants. However, its occurrence is rare in plants. BABA is well-known for conferring protection in different plant species against an exceptionally broad spectrum of stresses, including microbial pathogens, herbivores, and abiotic stresses (Jakab et al. 2001).
Enhanced production of tanshinone IIA in endophytic fungi Emericella foeniculicola by genome shuffling
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Pengyu Zhang, Yiting Lee, Xiying Wei, Jinlan Wu, Qingmei Liu, Shanning Wan
It also has some inhibitory capabilities including antioxidant, antithrombosis, antihypertension, antitumor, etc. (Jiang et al. 2005). Unfortunately, the natural medicinal plants of tanshinone IIA are currently in short supply because of the over collection of the wild plants and environmental change (Kang et al. 2003). Many approaches have been applied to enhance the production of tanshinones from S. miltiorrhiza, including genetic transformation (Yan and Wang 2007), Ag+ elicitation (Zhang et al. 2004), β-aminobutyric acid induction (Ge and Wu 2005), in situ adsorption and semi-continuous operation (Yan et al. 2005). To provide an alternative source of natural tanshinone IIA, the endophytic fungus TR21 was isolated, and it contained a certain amount of tanshinone IIA (Wei et al. 2010). Now, it has been verified that some fungal endophytes isolated from medicinal plants have higher values of bioactive secondary metabolites than their hosts. A widely accepted definition of endophytes is that they are bacterial or fungal microorganisms growing in healthy plant tissues and not apparently harming their hosts (Stierle et al. 1993; Cao et al. 2005). Since the year of 1904, endophytes have been isolated from almost all host plants studied (Zhang et al. 2006; Sánchez Márquez et al. 2007; Huang et al. 2008). Endophytes have been recognized as potential sources of novel natural products for pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial uses, especially the secondary metabolites produced by fungal endophytes colonizing medicinal plants (Hyde and Soytong 2008; Mitchell et al. 2008). However, the production of highly bioactive secondary metabolites reported from several endophytes is limited, such as Taxus brevifolia S.F Grey (Taxaceae) (Wani et al. 1971), Gentiana macrophylla Pall (sect. cruciata gaduin) (Gentianaceae) (Hong 2009), Icacinaceae (Shweta et al. 2010) and Celastraceae (Pullen et al. 2002).