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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
Iwabuchi et al., 2000, 2002 reported that EPSs from Rhodococcus rhodochrous (named as S-2 EPS) led to 50% increase in degradation of multiple aromatic components in crude oil by native consortia of sea-water. These EPSs have also been used for in situ bioremediation (Ron and Rosenberg, 2002; Venosa and Zhu, 2003; Cappello et al., 2012). Afrouzossadat et al., 2012 reported that EPSs associated with toluene utilizing marine bacterium Sporosarcina halophila contain peroxidase enzymes, such as laccase and catalase (present in EPSs), which considerably affected the degradation of toluene. So extracellular enzymes immobilized in EPSs play a beneficial role in biodegradation. Table 18.2 illustrates the list of EPS-producing marine bacteria with their hydrocarbon degradation ability.
Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Antidiabetic Drugs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
In any case, (S)-2-amino-3-(6-o-tolylpyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid (S)-33, Fig. 11.20, is a key intermediate needed for synthesis of one of this GLP-1 mimics, and its synthesis was been described using three different enzymatic procedures (Chen et al., 2011); in the first one, depicted in Fig. 11.20, (S)-33 was prepared (gram scale) in 68% solution yield and 54% isolated yield (100% ee), starting from racemic 33 using a recombinant (R)-aminoacid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis, cloned and overexpressed in E. coli and then immobilized on Celite, and an (S)-aminoacid dehydrogenase from Sporosarcina ureae. The cofactor NADH required for the reductive amination reaction was regenerated using formate and formate dehydrogenase. Synthesis of (S)-33 using a (R)-aminoacid oxidase and an (S)-aminoacid dehydrogenase, according to Chen et al. (Chen et al., 2011).
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Several bacteria including species of the genera: Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina, Sporolactobacillus, Thermoactinomyces, and Desulfotomaculum are capable of producing endospores; an environmentally resistant form of cell that is generated entirely within an actively metabolizing vegetative cell in a process called sporulation. Only endospores from the aerobic Bacillus and anaerobic Clostridium species are of clinical significance. Endospores are formed when vegetatively growing cells are subjected to a nutritional deficiency causing the vegetative cells to stop actively dividing and instead produce a single complex-walled mature spore within the vegetative mother cell; which eventually lyses and dies. The endospores are highly resistant to extremes of temperature (e.g., boiling water for thirty minutes), desiccation, many chemical agents, radiation, and to physical disruption (e.g., ultrasound, grinding) and may remain dormant for many years. Yet, when optimal nutritional conditions arise, the spores are able to germinate very rapidly to form a new vegetative cell that can either continue to grow and divide vegetatively or again produce a spore, depending upon the environmental conditions. Although spores are not virulence factors, their prolonged survival in the environment increases the chance of infection. The introduction of spores of a pathogen into a susceptible host quickly results in outgrowth of the bacteria. Humans and most of their domestic animals can be infected with spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, as well as several species of Clostridium, including C. tetani (tetanus), C. perfringens (gas gangrene), and C botulinum (botulism and food poisoning). Contamination of foods by resistant spores that survive almost indefinitely in soil, dust, and most other materials is the reason that bottled or canned food must be sterilized in retorts, autoclaves, or pressure cookers for a minimum of fifteen minutes at 121°C (250°F) to prevent spoilage or disease transmission. Figure 15.9 shows an endospore in an unidentified species of Bacillus. Parenthetically, because of the relative ease of production, storage and dissemination, B. anthracis has recently been of concern as a potential biological weapon.
Prenatal androgen exposure causes hypertension and gut microbiota dysbiosis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2018
Shermel B. Sherman, Nadeen Sarsour, Marziyeh Salehi, Allen Schroering, Blair Mell, Bina Joe, Jennifer W. Hill
At the order level, bacteria from Thermoanaerobacterales were significantly enriched and Erysipelotrichales and Turicibacterales were significantly decreased within the PNA fecal microbiota (Fig. 8c, Supplementary Table 4). At the family level, bacteria from Peptococcaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Carnobacteriaceae, Tissierellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, Coprobacillus, and Leuconostocaceae were significantly enriched within the PNA animal fecal microbiota. Bacteria from Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Dehalobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Mogibacteriaceae were significantly decreased within the PNA fecal microbiota. At the genus level, bacteria from RC4-4, Anaerofustis, Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Granulicatella, Roseburia, Jeotgalicoccus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Oribacterium, Sporosarcina, Lactococcus, Selenomonas, Weissella, and Exiguobacterium were significantly enriched within the PNA animal fecal microbiota. Bacteria from Ruminococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Facklamia, Dehalobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Dorea were significantly decreased within the PNA fecal microbiota.
In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of spherical silver nanoparticles and monodisperse hexagonal gold nanoparticles by fruit extract of Prunus serrulata: a green synthetic approach
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Priyanka Singh, Sungeun Ahn, Jong-Pyo Kang, Soshnikova Veronika, Yue Huo, Hina Singh, Mohan Chokkaligam, Mohamed El-Agamy Farh, Verónica Castro Aceituno, Yeon Ju Kim, Deok-Chun Yang
Biogenesis of nanoparticles using environmental friendly and economical resources is an unindustrialized part of bionanotechnology. To overcome the limitations of physiochemical synthesis, the anticipation of “green” synthesis with implementation of sustainable and eco-friendly processes for the development of green nanoparticles is essential and undeveloped part of bio-nanotechnology [1,2]. This is due to the fact that the production of metal nanoparticles by traditional physio-chemical approaches often requires use of toxic reducing agents, organic solvents and results in hazardous environmental waste by-products [3]. Thus, it is necessary to explore “green” approaches for the nanoparticles synthesis which additionally advantageous for the applicability of nanoparticles in human health care and industrial products. Several biogenic approaches are available for the nanoparticles synthesis, which employs various natural resources like plant extracts, microorganisms, algae etc. [4,5]. For instance, silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized from microorganisms, like Bhargavaea indica, Brevibacterium frigoritolerans, Sporosarcina koreensis, Weissella oryzae, Pseudomonas deceptionensis, Lactobacillius kimchicus, etc., has been reported [4–13]. However, due to the requirement of expensive culture medium and maintenance of highly aseptic conditions, the microbial mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is not industrially feasible [14]. Therefore, exploration of the plant systems as the potential bio-nano-factories has gained heightened interest in the biological nanoparticles synthesis. Studies suggest that plant systems are sustainable, energy efficient, requires low production cost, moreover the synthesized nanoparticles are estimated to be biocompatible in nature for pharmaceutical and other biomedical applications [15,16]. Further, these green methodologies offer advantage of the well-defined size and morphology, easy scale-up process and production of large quantities of nanoparticles with high yield and free from any surface contamination [16]. Hence, exploration into plant systems has been considered to be a potential bioreactor for synthesis of metal nanoparticles without using toxic chemicals.