China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Epidemic diarrhoea is generally caused by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (Sd1) or Vibrio cholerae. The former produces a cytotoxin (Shiga toxin), has a low infective dose (10–100 organisms), causes more severe illness and has higher antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than other species of Shigella. If there is a history of ingestion of raw seafood, consider Vibrio vulnificus and Plesiomonas. If neurological symptoms follow diarrhoea, consider Campylobacter jejuni(associated with Guillain–Barré syndrome [GBS]) or Clostridium botulinum.
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove
A US nationwide survey of Shigella isolates in the late 1980s showed that 32% were resistant to AMP, 7% to cotrimoxazole, and 0.4% to nalidixic acid; 20% of the 252 isolates were associated with foreign travel. About 20% of isolates from foreign travelers showed cotrimoxazole resistance, compared with only 4% of isolates from those without history of travel (Tauxe et al., 1990). Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga bacillus) causes the most severe form of Shigella dysentery. Its resistance to AMP was first reported from Bangladesh (Rahaman et al., 1974). Since 1976, strains with multiple antibiotic resistance, sometimes including resistance to AMP, have become prevalent in India (Frost et al., 1981). In some outbreaks of dysentery in India and Bangladesh the S. dysenteriae type 1 strains have also been resistant to cotrimoxazole. An extensive epidemic of shigellosis, associated with many deaths, began in central Africa in 1979; the strain of S. dysenteriae type 1 was resistant to AMP, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. The plasmid in this epidemic strain was different from those found in the strains implicated in Central America and Southeast Asia. A single plasmid conferred resistance to AMP, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines, but resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides was not transferable (Frost et al., 1981).
Infections and Kidney Diseases: A Continuing Global Challenge
Published in Meguid El Nahas, Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
Bernardo Rodríguez-Iturbe, Sergio Mezzano
The immediate mortality of the HUS was reduced from nearly 50% to 2–4% with the use of peritoneal dialysis (118). Older patients and patients who had infection with Shigella dysenteriae type 1 appear to have a worse immediate prognosis. The reasons for this are unclear and the fact that malnourished patients in poor communities have more frequently shigella-associated HUS may be a partial explanation.
Guidelines for the treatment of dysentery (shigellosis): a systematic review of the evidence
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Phoebe C. M. Williams, James A. Berkley
Shigella, a Gram-negative enterobacteriaceae, is responsible for 165 million diarrhoeal episodes each year, 99% of which occur in LMIC, and 69% in the paediatric population. With effective antibiotic therapy, there is clinical improvement within 48 h, diminishing the risk of mortality and decreasing transmission by eliminating shigella from the stool. The WHO 2005 Guidelines for the Control of Shigellosis, Including Epidemics due to Shigella Dysenteriae Type 1 listed the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin (15 mg/kg orally twice daily for 3 days) as first-line treatment for shigellosis in children, and (more expensive and less available) pivmecillinam (amdinocillin pivoxil) and (parenteral) ceftriaxone were listed as second-line therapy when local strains were known to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. The macrolide azithromycin was listed as a second-line therapy for adults.
Epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Africa in review
Published in Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2018
Infections with shiga toxins-producing bacteria such as Shigella dysenteriae type I and STEC are controlled by the use of antibiotics and supportive therapies.13,76 However, in complicated forms of infection, like with HUS, antibiotics are not effective.13,76 Administration of antibiotics to patients infected with STEC O157:H7 is reported to increase the release of shiga toxins and thus increasing the risk of developing HUS.13,73 This is thought to be due to the increased release of toxins following death of STEC.73 The case is different, however, in S. dysenteriae type I infection where early antimicrobial therapy lowers the risk of developing HUS.76 Therefore, it is important to establish the etiology of an enteric disease before administration of antibiotics because it may worsen the prognosis in case of a STEC infection. This demand presents a challenge in developing countries where diagnostics do not match the requirements and antibiotics are haphazardly used.77,78
The intriguing role of Rifaximin in gut barrier chronic inflammation and in the treatment of Crohn’s disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Loris R. Lopetuso, Marco Napoli, Gianenrico Rizzatti, Antonio Gasbarrini
Rifaximin has been traditionally identified as a broad spectrum, bactericidal antibiotic. Overall, published data showed an activity against many enteric pathogens that cause infectious diarrhea, including Aeromonas; Campylobacter; Clostridium; enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC); enterotoxigenic E. coli; enterohemorrhagic E. coli; enteroinvasive E. coli; Plesiomonas shigelloides; Salmonella; Shigella spp, including Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, Serratia spp., and Vibrio spp [42].