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Tedizolid
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Tedizolid demonstrates generally good activity against Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. In one study by Yum et al. (2010), Peptostreptococcus species (Finegoldia magna, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus micros, Anaerococcus prevotii) exhibited a tedizolid MIC range of 0.03–0.25 mg/l with an MIC90 of 0.25 mg/l. Lee et al. (2015) described tedizolid MIC ranges of 0.06–1 mg/l for F. magna and ≤ 0.06–0.25 mg/l for other Peptostreptococcus species; MIC90 values for each were 0.5 and 0.25 mg/l, respectively. It is interesting to note that EUCAST epidemiologic data report higher tedizolid MICs (range 0.016–4 mg/l, MIC90 1 mg/l) for Peptostreptococcus species than the aforementioned studies (EUCAST.org). Clostridium species demonstrate MICs ≤ 0.05 mg/l (Lee et al., 2015; Yum et al., 2010). C. perfringens and less common Clostridium species (C. clostridiiforme, C. sordellii, C. innocuum, C. tertium, C. ramosum, C. sporogenes, C. bifermentans) exhibit MIC90 values of 0.25 mg/l (Yum et al., 2010). Tedizolid also demonstrates potent activity against other anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli including Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Propionibacterium acnes, Eubacterium lentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces species (MIC90 values 0.5 mg/l, range 0.06–0.5 mg/l). Tedizolid MIC90 values for peptostreptococci and other anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli are 4-fold to 16-fold lower than those reported for linezolid (Yum et al., 2010).
Menopausal Vulvovaginitis
Published in William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin, Vulvovaginal Infections, 2017
William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin
The decrease in vaginal estrogen concentrations following menopause leads to dramatic changes in the composition of the vaginal microbiota. As mentioned in Chapter 1, estrogen stimulates glycogen deposition in vaginal epithelial cells. Glycogen release into the vaginal lumen promotes the preferential growth of lactobacilli. The production of lactic acid by these bacteria results in vaginal acidification and inhibition of other bacteria that colonize the vagina. The presence of lactic acid keeps the number of these potential pathogens at a low level. Vaginal glycogen levels become greatly reduced following menopause resulting in lowered concentrations of lactobacilli, an elevation in vaginal pH, and enhanced capacity of other bacteria to proliferate.3 An early study using quantitative culture techniques demonstrated that although lactobacilli could still be identified in the vagina in about half of the postmenopausal women investigated, its concentration was 10-to 100-fold lower than that present in reproductive age women. The predominant bacterial species isolated were anaerobic Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive peptostreptococci. The frequency of vaginal colonization by Gardnerella vaginalis, genital mycoplasmas, and yeast species was also shown to be much reduced following menopause.4 More recent investigations have utilized nonculture gene amplification techniques to characterize the vaginal microbiota in women following menopause. In one study of postmenopausal women, Streptococcus and Prevotella were most prevalent as opposed to the dominance of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners in premenopausal women. In perimenopausal women, either Streptococcus–Prevotella or Lactobacillus gasseri was most prevalent. Women with mild or moderate vaginal atrophy had the highest prevalence of a Streptococcus–Prevotella-dominant vaginal microbiota.5 A second study noted a negative correlation between vaginal dryness and the presence of lactobacilli and a positive association with Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Peptoniphilus, and Bacillus spp.6
A case of Escherichia coli and Peptoniphilus species mixed osteomyelitis successfully identified by MALDI TOF-MS with a review of the literature
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Diana Isabela Costescu Strachinaru, Jean-Luc Gallez, Marie-Sophie Paridaens, Sarah Djebara, Olivier Soete, Patrick Soentjens
Anaerobic bacteria are a recognized cause of osteomyelitis [1,2], yet its prevalence is unknown, partly because of the technical difficulties in isolating and identifying many of these organisms. Bone and joint infections (BJI) caused by anaerobic bacteria have been diagnosed more frequently in recent years due to the advent of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and molecular identification [3], but also due to increased awareness. Peptoniphilus spp. are Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC), formerly classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus, that are commensals of the human vagina and gastrointestinal tract [4]. GPAC are not routinely recovered or identified from many types of clinical specimens because they may be difficult to grow in culture and are frequently isolated as part of mixed polymicrobial infections [5]. They have most commonly been associated with diabetic skin and soft tissue infections, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections and BJI [6–10]. We describe a case of Escherichia coli and Peptoniphilus spp. mixed osteomyelitis occurring after trauma and present a short literature review.