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Order Hepelivirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The Hepelivirales order currently involves 4 families, 6 genera, and 22 species. The order includes first the family Hepeviridae with the genera Piscihepevirus—whose members infect fish—and Orthohepevirus, whose members infect mammals and birds. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) of the Orthohepevirus A species is not only a typical representative of the Orthohepevirus genus but also the most dangerous and the most studied virus of the order. HEV is responsible for self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans and several mammalian species, where the infection may become chronic in immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, the extrahepatic manifestations of Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy, glomerulonephritis, and pancreatitis have been described in humans in a proportion of HEV cases. The Orthohepevirus B species includes avian HEV that causes hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens (Purdy et al. 2017).
Hepatitis E Virus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Kavita Lole, Prudhvi Lal Bhukya, Bangari Haldipur
Previously, HEV was classified under the family Caliciviridae; however, since no similarities exist between nonstructural proteins encoding region of HEV and viruses of this family, HEV was moved to its own family Hepeviridae.16,17 Within the single serotype identified to date, a great genetic diversity between different HEV isolates has been widely reported. Smith et al.18 have proposed a new classification theme for HEV, wherein the family Hepeviridae is divided into two genera, namely, Orthohepevirus and Piscihepevirus. The Orthohepevirus genus is further classified into four species designated as Orthohepevirus A, B, C, and D. Within Orthohepevirus A, four genotypes infecting humans and animals are currently described: HEV-1, HEV-2, HEV-3 and HEV-4. Among these, HEV-1 is a highly conserved genotype and causes large waterborne outbreaks in Asia. HEV-2 is less documented, and a few strains have been isolated from Mexico and Africa (Nigeria). HEV-3 and HEV-4 show a higher genomic diversity,19 infect humans and several animal species, and are main causes of foodborne zoonotic HEV infections.20–22 HEV-3 is associated with sporadic and chronic cases of hepatitis E in humans, mostly in industrialized countries, and is known to infect domestic and wild pigs, deer, mongoose, rabbits, and rats. HEV-4 causes sporadic cases of HE in humans and infects wild and domestic pigs, cattle, and sheep.23,24 In recent years, several new significantly different HEV strains have been identified in animal species like rabbit, ferret, rat, bat, mongoose, camel, and mink. Isolates of HEV strains recovered from wild boars in Japan were grouped into genotypes 5 (HEV-5) and 6 (HEV-6), whereas HEV strains isolated from camels are grouped into genotype 7 (HEV-7). HEV isolates from avian species have been placed in species Orthohepevirus B. Avian HEV shows <50% nucleotide sequence similarities with mammalian HEV strains, but shares common epitopes within capsid proteins with mammalian viruses.25,26 HEV strains isolated from rats, ferrets, and bats are classified into Orthohepevirus C and D.18
Are VIDAS® anti-HEV IgM and IgG assays fit for reliable diagnosis of hepatitis E virus infections? Comparison & case story telling
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2021
Lien Cattoir, Koen O.A. Vercauteren, Elizaveta Padalko, Hans De Beenhouwer, Kristien Van Vaerenbergh, An Boel
HEV is a small, non-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus. It belongs to the genus Orthohepevirus in the family of Hepeviridae [5]. Human cases of HEV are caused by strains within species A, which comprises eight genotypes [4]. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are typically associated with human epidemic outbreaks in developing countries. They are transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 usually occur as sporadic cases and are transmitted through food or zoonotically from animal reservoirs [4–6]. The other genotypes have (almost) exclusively been reported in animals: genotype 5 and 6 in wild boar, and genotype 7 and 8 in camels (except for one human case report) [4,7].
Screening, diagnosis and risks associated with Hepatitis E virus infection
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Sébastien Lhomme, Florence Legrand-Abravanel, Nassim Kamar, Jacques Izopet
HEV belongs to the Hepeviridae family. This family has 2 genera: Orthohepevirus, which includes 4 species (A-D), and Piscihepevirus (Figure 1). The species Orthohepevirus A includes the HEV strains that infect humans and other mammals. Orthohepevirus B infects chickens, Orthohepevirus C infects rats and ferrets, Orthohepevirus D infects bats and Piscihepevirus A infects cutthroat trout. Orthohepevirus A consists of at least 8 distinct HEV genotypes, but only one serotype has been described [1].