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Neuroimmunology of Host-Microbial Interactions
Published in Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein, Andrea L. Friedman, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection, 2020
David H. Brown, Bruce S. Zwilling
Stress effects on resistance in farm animals have been reported by several laboratories. Gross et al., showed that social stress (rotating cage mates) increased the susceptibility of chickens to aerosol challenge with Escherichia coli and to challenge with Mycobacterium avium.91–93 Controlled food deprivation (fasting) resulted in the increased susceptibility of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis infection and exacerbated the infection.94,95 Zamri-Saad et al.96 found that transportation stress in combination with treatment of dexamethasone was associated with an increased susceptibility of goats to infection with Pasteurella haemolytica. Animals treated with dexamethasone alone, but not subjected to transportation stress, displayed no increase in susceptibility to the Pasteurellae. The specific in vivo stress effects on microbial pathogenesis of these and other studies are summarized in Table 2.
The Macrophage Inflammatory Protein Family
Published in Richard Horuk, Chemoattractant Ligands and Their Receptors, 2020
A role for chemokines in microbial pathogenesis has been discussed.15,16 Both MIP-1 and MIP-2 expression have been observed in a rabbit model of meningitis.41 African sleeping sickness is characterized by a severe inflammatory meningoencephalitis, and in a mouse model, MIP-1α is present in the brains of Trypanosoma brucei infected animals, implicating the molecule in this inflammatory process.183
Klebsiella spp. as Pathogens: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Identification, Treatment, and Prevention
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Arumugam Kamaladevi, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
Virulence factors play a key role in microbial pathogenesis through suppression of the host immune defense and induction of persistent infection. Use of in vitro and in vivo models has revealed insights into the contribution of virulence factors in the pathogenesis of Klebsiella-mediated UTIs.36–38 Furthermore, changes in the regulation of host innate immune specific genes were studied by using a Caenorhabditis elegans model.39 Overall, the pathogenicity of Klebsiella spp. depends heavily on the group of five virulence factors (Figure 33.1).
Combating malaria in Kenya through collaborative population health education: a systematic review and pilot case study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Hester Lacey, Nityanand Jain, Mai Sugimoto, Masako Shimato, Ieva Reine, Kevin Oria
In this context, Hiatt et al. suggested using existing inter-country collaborations such as the Inter-University Council for East Africa (IUCEA) to reform regional medical curricula [31]. Specifically, the authors have argued for introducing and implementing Population Health Sciences, an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of basic, clinical, behavioural, and social sciences [53]. For example, in addition to teaching medical students about malaria’s microbial pathogenesis, it is important to teach them about risks of infection, factors that promote and prevent infection, and social and cultural factors that influence vulnerability. In addition, there is a need for continued south-north cooperation for technology transfer and capacity building in the local context. The Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) Partnership for Innovative Medical Education-Kenya (PRIME-K) is one such example. Since its inception in 2011, the undergraduate program has strengthened and promoted modern patient care practices and research interests, while emphasising the social and cultural determinants of relevant health issues in the country [54].
Exosomes: from biology to immunotherapy in infectious diseases
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Velia Verónica Rangel-Ramírez, Hilda Minerva González-Sánchez, César Lucio-García
As the process of exosome secretion seems to be evolutionary conserved among different eukaryotes and prokaryotes organisms [1,10,17], during an infection host- and pathogen-derived exosomes are released into the extracellular milieu [18]. The content of these vesicles will transmit messages that can either limit or disseminate the infection [19]. Recently, the exosome-dependent pathways of infection of important human pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [11,20], Ebola virus [21] and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [22], among others have been characterized. This reflects the importance of the exosome study in microbial pathogenesis. Moreover, the specific composition of these vesicles derived from pathogens or infected cells can be a hallmark of the infection and used as a potential biomarker [23,24]. Furthermore, the hijacking of exosomes by some pathogens has shown the carrying capacity of these vesicles, which can be harnessed for vaccine development [25–29]. This review attempts to summarize the current findings on exosome composition and function during viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan infections, their contribution to host defense or to pathogen spread, and provide an insight into the potential application of exosomes in biomedical research.
Identification of gut microbiome and transcriptome changes in ulcerative colitis and pouchitis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Xin Gao, Di Huang, Li-Sheng Yang, An-Qi He, Kai-Yu Li, Tong Liu, Gang Liu
The incidence rate of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing year by year. It has brought great challenges to social and public health. The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is complex, which involves susceptibility of the host, gut microbiota imbalance, environmental factors and immune overactivation [24], and multiomics technology (such as microbiomics, metabonomics and transcriptomics) provided some promising way to reveal the pathogenesis landscape of IBD. However, some specific clinical phenomena need further explanation. For example, pouch inflammation is often found in the patients with UC-pouch, but the treatment strategies between UC and pouchitis are greatly different. Clinical remission is achieved using metronidazole/ciprofloxacin for patients with acute pouchitis (whether or not they are relapse), while 5-aminosalicylic acid and biological agents should be considered in chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis which share more autoimmune features [4,25]. These effects of treatment indicate similarities in microbial pathogenesis between specific types of pouchitis and UC, but most cases of pouchitis differ from UC. Therefore, this study systematically analyzed the characteristics of microbiome and transcriptome changes in UC and pouchitis and proposed that pouchitis may have a unique pathogenesis which was separated from UC.