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Adenovirus
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Jennifer McGuire, Joseph R. Berger
Adenoviruses that cause human disease belong to the family Adenoviridae and the genus Mastadenovirus. They are classified into six subgroups or species (formerly called subgenera), A–F, on the basis of their physiochemical, biological and genetic properties (Table 10.1) [3,4]. Adenovirus subgroups B and C are usually implicated in cases of CNS disease. Subgroups are further classified into more than 50 distinct adenoviruses (Ad) serotypes or subspecies based upon antigenic determinants detected by viral neutralization assay [5,6]. Serotypes within each subgroup are closely related at the DNA level and frequently share similar biological properties. DNA analysis using restriction serotypes endonucleases allowed the identification of subspecies that appear intermediate between established serotypes, suggesting the occurrence of viral recombination in nature and resulting in the classification of adenoviruses into several new genotypes [7]. More rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have identified adenovirus serotypes in a variety of clinical conditions [8,9]. Although typing of adenoviruses into subgroups and serotypes is not routinely performed in most clinical laboratories, specific identification can be of clinical and epidemiological importance [10].
Adenovirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are classified in the family Adenoviridae, which is further divided into the genera Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Icthadenovirus. The genus Mastadenovirus includes all of the species infecting humans as well as simian, murine, bovine, equine, porcine, ovine, canine species, and opossums.1 The first HAdV was isolated in 1953 from human adenoids.2 Using traditional serological methods, 51 serotypes were identified and subsequently classified into seven species HAdV-A to HAdV-F, according to their biophysical, biochemical, phylogenetic, and genetic characteristics. Different serotypes differ in their tissue tropisms and sites of infection. The novel HAdVs identified afterward were detected and characterized using genomic data, and the term type is used for these novel HAdVs. The first HAdV identified on the basis of genetic analysis was classified as a novel species (HAdV-G) and was characterized as type 52.3 The Human Adenovirus Working Group (http:// hadvwg.gmu.edu/, accessed April 14, 2018) currently recognizes 84 HAdV types, assigned to species (Table 2.1). Of these, 4 types have been categorized into HAdV-A, 16 types in HAdV-B, 5 types in HAdV-C, 55 types in HAdV-D, 1 type in HAdV-E, 2 types in HAdV-F, and 1 type in HAdV-G.
Adenoviruses
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Anthony P. Malanoski, Baochuan Lin
AdVs constitute the Adenoviridae family, which is divided into the genera Mastadenovirus and Aviadenovirus. The genus Mastadenovirus covers viruses of several different animals, including bat, bovine, canine, equine, human, murine, ovine, porcine, simian, and so on, whereas the genus Aviadenovirus is limited to viruses of birds.2 Currently, there are 68 reported human AdVs according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information Taxonomy Browser, representing seven different species or subgroups (A–G). The classification of AdVs was originally based on their hemagglutination patterns and serologic profiles. Recent advancements in sequencing capability have allowed the discovery and classification of new AdVs (types 52–68), where the differentiation of strains is based on bioinformatics analysis of their genomic sequencing (Table 2.1).2,4,11–15,22–37 The majority of these newly discovered AdVs are products of homologous recombination, a common evolutionary adaptation of AdVs. Among the seven different species, species B can be further divided into B1 and B2 based on their organ tropisms.22 There is a correlation between the species and their tissue tropisms, which determines the clinical manifestation of AdV infection. Species A, F, and G show tissue tropisms toward the gastrointestinal tract and induce gastroenteritis. Species B1, C, and E mainly cause respiratory illness; species B1, B2, D, and E produce ocular infection, whereas B2 AdVs cause kidney and urinary tract infection.8,37
A review of 65 years of human adenovirus seroprevalence
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Franck J. D. Mennechet, Océane Paris, Aline Raissa Ouoba, Sofia Salazar Arenas, Sodiomon B. Sirima, Guy R. Takoudjou Dzomo, Amidou Diarra, Isidore T Traore, Dramane Kania, Karsten Eichholz, Eric A. Weaver, Edouard Tuaillon, Eric J. Kremer
HAdVs belong to the family Adenoviridae and the genus Mastadenovirus. The nomenclature of HAdV ‘species’ was introduced in 1960 by L. Rosen [27]. Now HAdVs are grouped into species A–G (Figure 1 and Box 1). Individual HAdV “type“ nomenclature is currently in flux and has not reached a global consensus within the scientific community. HAdV types were historically defined by antigenic determinants detected by viral neutralization assays, hemagglutination properties, morphological, and pathogenicity criteria [28]. It is accepted that there are about 70 types [29]. Since HAdV-52 [30] new types have been primarily identified based on genomic sequencing analysis [31]. Consequently, 40 genotypes have been proposed (http://hadvwg.gmu.edu/). Sequence of three regions (penton, hexon, and fiber) or of the entire genome have been recommended to provide alternative identification [32–34] (Figures 1 and 2(b)). Currently, no globally accepted nomenclature has been recommended by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. To be as informative as possible in this review, we are using the format ‘human adenovirus dash species, type’ (e.g. HAdV-C5) whenever appropriate.
The recovery and molecular identification of HAdV-D17 in raw sewage and mussel samples collected in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa
Published in Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2018
Hillary J Vos, Caroline M Knox
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses belonging to the family Adenoviridae and genus Mastadenovirus. The viral particle contains a linear double-stranded DNA genome ranging from 30-36 kilobases with a virus capsid ~70 to 100 nm in diameter; comprising of 252 capsomers (240 hexons and 12 pentons) and 12 fiber proteins. Over sixty human adenovirus (HAdV) types have been identified and these are divided into seven known species (A to G) based on a variety of biochemical, immunological and genetic parameters. The various types are associated with multiple diseases including gastroenteritis, respiratory diseases and conjunctivitis.3,4