China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Lymphocryptovirus and Cytomegalovirus have also been documented in several primate species in the wild. Lymphocryptovirus has been identified in orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees, while Cytomegalovirushas been documented in baboons, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Although HHV-4 is a Lymphocryptovirus species and HHV-5 is a Cytomegalovirus species, the virus forms found in wild primates are not likely to be anthroponotic.
Cancer-Causing Viruses
Published in Satya Prakash Gupta, Cancer-Causing Viruses and Their Inhibitors, 2014
Satya P. Gupta, Vertika Gautam
EBV or human herpesvirus 4 is a B-lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus that belongs to a subfamily of Lymphocryptovirus (LCV) genus that infects more than 95% of the world’s population (Evans and Niederman 1989). It was the first human virus to be classified as carcinogenic. The majority of EBV infection occurs during childhood without causing overt symptoms. The most common manifestation of primary infection with this organism is acute infectious mononucleosis, a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disease that most frequently affects adolescents and young adults. Classic symptoms include sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy that may or may not be accompanied by a faint, generalized maculopapular rash. Humans are the only known reservoir of EBV. The relatively low incidence of EBV-related tumors compared with this prevalence of infection shows that there are definitely many other factors that contribute to tumor development.
Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Judit E. Markovits, Graham R. Betton, Donald N. McMartin, Theresa Boulineau
In addition to these changes for the oral mucosa in general, a spectrum of changes occurs specifically in the tongue. Mineralization of the tongue muscle occurs in mouse strains that have a high incidence of myocardial mineralization such as the DBA strain. Another local manifestation of generalized disease occurs in amyloidosis involving the tongue vasculature. The tongue is a common site of candidiasis of immunocompromised nonhuman primates. A finding less commonly seen following administration of immunosuppressive agents is the activation of a lymphocryptovirus (LCV) lytic infection, resulting in changes similar to those seen in models of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) and human patients with hairy cell leukoplakia (Baskin et al. 1995; Kutok et al. 2004; Kutok and Wang 2006). The lesion is often not appreciated grossly and identified only microscopically. The tongue epithelium is thickened and hyperkeratotic, and in keeping with a viral infection, cells undergo ballooning degeneration and contain intranuclear inclusions (Figure 11.9b,c). Ultrastructurally, viral factories are recognized within epithelial cells, and enveloped viral particles are intercellular. The tongue squamous epithelium, among other tissues of the GI tract, and other organs underwent hyperplasia following dosing of rodents and monkeys with EGF (Reindel et al. 1996). Inflammation and myositis were noted in a ventral subepithelial distribution in the tongue following dosing with a ricin A-chain immunotoxin. The specific distribution was considered to be due to either local macrophages or mannose receptor disposition (Westwood et al. 1996). Disruption of normal epithelial keratinization and single cell necrosis was produced by a xenobiotic in the tongue and esophagus of nonhuman primates (Figure 11.10a,b).
Current approaches to evaluate the function of cytotoxic T-cells in non-human primates
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2023
Cris Kamperschroer, Brendon Frank, Caroline Genell, Hervé Lebrec, Shermaine Mitchell-Ryan, Brigitte Molinier, Courtni Newsome, Marie-Soleil Piche, Daniel Weinstock, Mark Collinge, Wendy Freebern, Daniel Rubio
T-Cell responses against latent herpesviruses can be measured to understand whether pharmaceuticals may affect cell-mediated control of these viruses. In particular, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are important clinical pathogens in settings of immunosuppression, and EBV is commonly associated with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) or B-cell lymphomas during immunosuppression of transplant patients. EBV belongs to the lymphocryptovirus (LCV) genus, and homologous LCV exist in most, if not all, primates. The LCV in macaques has been shown to be associated with similar effects (B-cell hyperproliferation and lymphomas) as observed in humans upon immunosuppression (Habis et al. 2000; Kutok et al. 2004; Rivailler et al. 2004; Mühe and Wang 2015). Similarly, CMV can also be pathogenic if re-activated in both humans and macaques (Itell et al. 2017). Importantly, latent or persistent infections with EBV and CMV are constantly being controlled by virus-specific T-cells. For these reasons, macaques can be used as a model to address questions about the potential for drugs to interfere with T-cell-mediated immunity to EBV and CMV (Figure 5).
Notch – a possible mediator between Epstein-Barr virus infection and bone resorption in apical periodontitis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Aleksandar Jakovljevic, Nadja Nikolic, Jelena Carkic, Miroslav Andric, Maja Miletic, Katarina Beljic-Ivanovic, Tanja Jovanovic, Jelena Milasin
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, the gamma subfamily, and the Lymphocryptovirus genus [1]. It is an ubiquitous virus that establishes a lifelong persistent infection and over 90% of adults worldwide show seropositivity [2]. EBV is an important human pathogen associated with several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, lymphoproliferative diseases in immunocompromised and EBV-associated malignancies in nonimmunocompromised individuals (for instance Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma) [1]. Additionally, EBV is implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, including gingivitis, chronic and aggressive periodontitis [3], pericoronitis [4], apical periodontitis [5], peri-implantitis [6] etc.
Merits and complexities of modeling multiple sclerosis in non-human primates: implications for drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Bert A. ‘t Hart, Jon D. Laman, Yolanda S. Kap
We asked which of these two players should preferably be targeted. A score of studies in transplantation shows that systemic T cell depletion in graft recipients may lead to serious clinical problems due to the reactivation of CMV, as seen in immunosuppressed transplant recipients [76] as well as in immunosuppressed NHP used as recipients of allografts [77]. Targeting therapy on the virus-infected B cell seems less perilous [39]. As only 1–50 per 106 CD20 + B cells (= <0.005%) carries the virus [78], more than 99.995% of the noninfected B cells in the repertoire is left intact to protect the host against infections and cancer. To gain insight into the pathogenic role of the EBV-infected B cells, we set out a series of experiments in B lymphoblastoid cell (BLC) lines derived from blood mononuclear cells of humans, rhesus monkeys and marmosets by infection with EBV or a suitable EBV-related lymphocryptovirus (LCV).