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Role of Bacteria in Dermatological Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Thirukannamangai Krishnan Swetha, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
Streptococcus, a member of Firmicutes is a chain-forming, catalase negative, coagulase-negative coccus, and a non-spore-forming facultative anaerobe. Several streptococcal strains are indigenously colonized on human skin and throat and become opportunistic pathogen at suitable predisposal conditions, whereas certain strains remain pathogenic (Ralph and Carapetis, 2013). A backdated grouping of Streptococcus and Enterococcus under the same genus Streptococcus was distinguished as discrete genera after 1984. The grouping of Streptococcus was found to be complicated during past. Initially, based on the pattern of hemolytic activity observed on blood agar plates, Streptococcus was classified into three groups namely, α-hemolytic, β-hemolytic, and non-hemolytic Streptococcus. In 1933, Lancefield performed serological typing of β-hemolytic Streptococcus isolated from humans, other animals, cheese, and milk based on anti-C precipitin test. The anti-C precipitin test majorly relied on the carbohydrate content (such as polysaccharide and teichoic acid) of antigens found on bacterial cell wall by classifying Streptococcus into groups A, B, C, D, and E, wherein group D and E included Enterococcus (Lancefield, 1933; Hardie et al., 1997).
Garenoxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
James Owen Robinson, Keryn Christiansen
Garenoxacin also retains activity (MIC90 values < 0.125 μg/ml) against viridans streptococci (Streptococcus mitis and S. sanguis), with ciprofloxacin MICs ≥ 4 μg/ml (Schmitz et al., 2002c; Jones et al., 2001). Strains of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (n = 47) with levofloxacin MICs ≥ 2 μg/ml had garenoxacin MICs ranging from 0.12–4 μg/ml. Resistance was due to mutations in parC (low-level resistance) or gyrA (high-level resistance) (Biedenbach et al., 2003).
Clindamycin
Published in Thomas T. Yoshikawa, Shobita Rajagopalan, Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients, 2005
Clindamycin has excellent activity against a variety of gram-positive and obligate anaerobic bacteria (Table 1). Most streptococci, including β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are susceptible to clindamycin. In a recent study of the antibiotic susceptibility profile among β-hemolytic streptococci collected in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program across North America (1), all Lancefield group C and F Streptococcus isolates were uniformly susceptible to clindamycin. Resistance was only rarely detected among Lancefield group A and G isolates (0.8-2.2%), but the rate was higher for group B Streptococcus isolates (11.4%). In a nationwide survey of 1531 S. pneumoniae isolates, more than 90% were susceptible to clindamycin (2). However, the rate of clindamycin resistance was much higher among penicillin-intermediate and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates compared to penicillin-susceptible isolates (20.1% and 26.1% vs. 1.5%, respectively). Viridans streptococci are generally susceptible to clindamycin.
Acute abdomen: a rare presentation of group a streptococcal infection
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2023
Jelle Lubach, Marie Vannijvel, Hendrik Stragier, Yves Debaveye, Albert Wolthuis
A distinction from secondary peritonitis is often impossible to make without surgical exploration [4]. It has also been diagnosed in male patients, but this is less common [5]. Especially healthy women of middle age seem to be most at risk. Sakuraba et al. estimated the male to female sex ratio of these patients between 7 and 18, at the median onset at 48 years [5]. Malota et al. [6] reported 35 cases of GAS peritonitis, of which only 6 were male. All presented with acute abdominal pain and the majority had a fever of more than 38.5 °C. Most often Streptococcus pyogenes was found both in the female genital tract and the upper respiratory system [7], with positive vaginal swabs or, as in our case, a recent pharyngeal infection. Most patients with a group A hemolytic streptococcus peritonitis developed Toxic Shock like syndrome (TSLS) [5]. Morbidity and mortality of invasive group A streptococcal infections admitted to the ICU are significant with an overall mortality up to 40% [8]. In spite of this fact, we only found one case report which resulted in a fatal outcome [9]. This could be due to selection or publication bias. Hemodynamic instability due to septic shock should be promptly treated with aggressive fluid resuscitation and vasopressors [10], together with appropriate antibiotic therapy and adequate source control.
Pathophysiological Considerations in Periorbital Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Case Report
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Yalda Hadizamani, Stefano Anastasi, Anouk Schori, Rudolf Lucas, Justus G. Garweg, Jürg Hamacher
Based on the infectious agents involved, NF has been categorized into four types.20 Type I is characterized by polymicrobial infections with mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, including Streptococcus species, Klebsiella species (Klebsiella pneumoniae), S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Apart from the live pathogens, a pathogenic role has also been reported for superantigens of S. aureus and S. pyogenes.8,14,21 In type II a monomicrobial infection is at the source, predominantly caused by group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species, such as S. pyogenes and either accompanied or not by S. aureus.14 Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been reported in the same category.14 The rare type III is caused by exposure to marine Gram-negative pathogens, like Vibrio vulnificus or Aeromonas hydrophila5,14,20 and Clostridium species.7 Type IV is linked to fungi like Apophysomyces (Mucorales) and Aspergillus species.22,23 So far, types I, II and IV have been documented in periorbital necrotizing fasciitis.2,7,11,24
Quantile-specific heritability of serum growth factor concentrations
Published in Growth Factors, 2021
Erysipelas is an acute β-hemolytic streptococcus bacterial infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatic vessels of primarily the legs and face (Henningham et al. 2015). Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is a mitochondrial antioxidant that prevents harmful effects of free radicals. Emene et al. (2017) reported that relative to recovery, CC homozygotes of the SOD2 rs11575993 (T2734C) polymorphism had significantly elevated HGF concentrations during the acute phase of erysipelas infections that were substantially reduced by treatment (Figure 4(D)). From the perspective of quantile expressivity, the substantially elevated HGF concentrations during the acute phase vis-à-vis recovery (322 versus 113 pg/ml) accentuated the HGF differences between SOD2 genotypes.