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Streptomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Partly because of resistance, in the 1960s kanamycin and then gentamicin replaced streptomycin for the treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. However, a study of 390 human urinary E. coli isolates in a London hospital in 2004 showed that streptomycin resistance had actually increased significantly from 1991 (33.9%) to 2004 (41.2%), even though human use of streptomycin had become rare during this time. Possible explanations were co-selection via linkage of strA–strB genes to sulfonamide resistance determinants, and the continued use of streptomycin in veterinary medicine (e.g. 7 metric tonnes of streptomycin was sold in the UK during 2003) (Bean et al., 2005). High-level streptomycin resistance is widespread in soil bacteria, particularly soils supplemented with manure from antibiotic-exposed farm animals (Popowska et al., 2012). Streptomycin in low concentration is used as a spray to control pests in commercial orchards, and this practice may select for carriage of multidrug-resistant nasal and enteric bacterial flora sheep grazing nearby (Scherer et al., 2013). Streptomycin resistance is an emerging issue in some plant pathogens. In a study of the apple fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora in Michigan, USA, resistance to streptomycin was mediated by not only amino acid changes in the ribosomal S12 protein but also acquisition and spread of plasmid/transposon-mediated aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes strA-strB (McGhee et al., 2011).
Investigating forthcoming strategies to tackle deadly superbugs: current status and future vision
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Saikat Mitra, Sifat Ara Sultana, Shajuthi Rahman Prova, Tanvir Mahtab Uddin, Fahadul Islam, Rajib Das, Firzan Nainu, Sartini Sartini, Kumarappan Chidambaram, Fahad A. Alhumaydhi, Talha Bin Emran, Jesus Simal-Gandara
Intensive farming practices have been implemented in developing nations in response to the increasing demand for animal protein, resulting in antibiotic residues in animal-derived goods and, ultimately, antibiotic resistance [33]. Over 13 million kg of antibiotics are used in agriculture each year, accounting for about 80% of antibiotics used in the US, primarily for growth improvement and disease prevention in crops [46]. Antibiotics, particularly streptomycin, are the primary interventions used to combat fire blight, a disease of apple and pear plants caused by the bacteria Erwinia amylovora [23]. Cu-containing materials are commonly used in farm cages and nets as anti-fouling agents; some fences are constructed of Cu alloys, exposing aquaculture’s bacterial populations to a toxic cocktail of metals and antibiotics while in use. ‘According to Chang and colleagues, agricultural antibiotic use may cause human illness via the following three mechanisms: directly infecting people with animal-derived resistant bacteria, transmitting human-derived resistant strains of bacteria across species-barrier breaches, and transferring agriculturally derived resistance genes into human pathogens [47].
In silico analysis revealing CsrA roles in motility-sessility switching and tuning VBNC cells in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Dan Wang, Steve H. Flint, Dragana Gagic, Jon S. Palmer, Graham C. Fletcher, Stephen L. W. On
Other studies provide evidence of a switching role from motility to sessility for CsrA. A csrA mutant produced non-motile phenotypes in Erwinia amylovora (Ancona et al. 2016). In Escherichia coli, CsrA has been reported to be critical to activate the expression of the master flagellum operon flhDC and the steady‐state level of flhDC was 3-4 fold greater in the wild‐type strain compared with in a csrA mutant (Wei et al. 2001). The csrA can stabilize expression of the master flagella regulator FlhDC and repress biofilm formation. In E. coli, poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PGA) overexpression can promote cell attachment, cell to cell adherence and biofilm structure stability, CsrA can repress pga gene expression and PGA translation by binding to the transcript of the pgaA gene (Wang et al. 2004). CsrA can also repress biofilm formation by down-regulating or binding GGDEF/EAL proteins which induce contributions to c-di-GMP dependent biofilm formation (Jonas et al. 2010). CsrA was reported to activate biofilm dispersal, resulting in sessile bacteria returning to a planktonic state (Jackson et al. 2002).
Drug discovery through the isolation of natural products from Burkholderia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Adam Foxfire, Andrew Riley Buhrow, Ravi S. Orugunty, Leif Smith
3-[L-alanyl-L-homoserinyl-L-aspartyl-beta-carboxy]-4-hydroxy-5-oxopyrazole: Among other notable anti-bacterial compounds that can be chemically classified as peptides are two compounds produced by B. glumae strains #3729 and #8657 (International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants). This organism was found to produce two peptide products with antibacterial activity. Although one of these products was inactive once purified, the second product (an oxygenated pyrazole), displayed strong inhibitory activity against the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora and activity against Gram-negative Pseudomonas and Xanthmonas bacterial species [60]. Structural elucidation of this second compound determined it to be 3-[L-alanyl-L-homoserinyl-L-aspartyl-beta-carboxy]-4-hydroxy-5-oxopyrazole (Figure 3(d, e)).