China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Pathology is similar in individuals infected with Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of hydatid disease (Figure 5.4). The cysts are usually larger and fewer in number than they are in a T. solium infection. Over time each cyst, called a unilocular hydatid cyst, develops a thick outer acellular layer and a thin inner germinal layer that produces larval stages called protoscolices via asexual reproduction.
Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcus and E. multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcus. Cysts can occur anywhere, but the liver (around two-thirds) and lung (around one-quarter) are the most common sites. Cystic echinococcus can be asymptomatic, particularly in early disease, and can have a long latent period. Infection occurs by ingestion of parasite eggs after excretion by tapeworm-infected animals, for example, dogs (definitive host). It is present in the Middle East, South America, Eastern Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among rural/farming communities. Diagnosis is based on serology and typical imaging appearances on ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The WHO classification grades cystic echinococcus from grade 1 to grade 5 based on size and type, for example active, degenerating and inactive. There is a risk of anaphylaxis or secondary echinococcosis if cysts rupture or spill. Treatment depends on staging and can include surgery (if complicated or size >10 cm with risk of rupture), with adjunctive drug therapy with albendazole (15 mg/kg orally twice daily; usual adult dose is 400 mg twice daily; liver function should be monitored.) Puncture Aspiration Injection Re-aspiration (PAIR) is an option for some cysts. For cystic echinococcus stages 4 and 5 (degenerated cysts and solid) or inoperable, monitoring with ultrasound every 6 months is recommended.
A Complicated Pulmonary Cystic Echinococcosis in Pregnancy
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Thoracic Surgery, 2019
Yulia N. Matveeva, Kalpaj R. Parekh
Echinococcosis, or hydatid disease, is caused by Echinococcus tapeworms. Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis are of clinical significance causing, respectively, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). CE comprises over 95% of all hydatid disease cases and is endemic in pastoral areas of South America, the Mediterranean region, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Russia, Africa, China, and Japan, with an annual incidence ranging from 1 to 200 per 100,000 inhabitants; the incidence is higher in certain endemic areas [1]. Human AE is much less common with an incidence of 0.03–1.2 per 100,000 inhabitants, with most cases occurring in China.
Diagnosis of echinococcosis by detecting circulating cell-free DNA and miRNA
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Mahboubeh Hadipour, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Hossein Mirhendi, Hossein Yousofi Darani
Echinococcosis is a chronic zoonotic infection causing a significant public health problem that affects many people around the world. World health organization (WHO) has considered echinococcosis as a major neglected disease [1-3]. This disease is classified into cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), which are caused by the larvae stages of the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively [4]. Humans as the accidental intermediate host can be infected with the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus known as hydatid cyst. Canines are the definitive hosts for both species. CE is mainly perpetuated in a dog-livestock cycle, whereas AE is maintained in foxes and rodents [5]. The fluid-filled hydatid cysts mostly develop in the liver and lungs [6]. AE generally affects people in the northern hemisphere while CE has a higher prevalence across the world, especially in western China, Central Asia, the Middle East, Africa, South America, and Mediterranean countries [7,8].
Echinococcosis in a non-endemic country – 20-years’ surgical experience from a Norwegian tertiary referral Centre
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Sheraz Yaqub, Mogens Jensenius, Ole Einar Heieren, Anders Drolsum, Frank O. Pettersen, Knut Jørgen Labori
Echinococcosis in humans occurs as a result of infection by the larval stages of taeniid cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato causes cystic echinococcosis (CE), a chronic cyst-forming disease [1,2]. E. multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), in which the larval mass resembles a malignancy in appearance and behaviour, and proliferates indefinitely by exogenous budding and invades the surrounding tissues. CE occurs worldwide in sheep-raising areas including Africa, the Mediterranean region of Europe, the Middle East, Asia, South America, Australia, and New Zealand [1]. Conversely, AE is primarily endemic in northern latitudes where wild foxes and coyotes act as principal hosts. The incidence of echinococcosis is very low in the Scandinavian countries and is almost exclusively seen as imported cases [3,4].
Multi-functional chitosan-based smart hydrogels mediated biomedical application
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Min Mu, Xiaoling Li, Aiping Tong, Gang Guo
With the development of modern biotechnology, the application of vaccine has been more and more popular. To enhance their immunogenicity, various vaccine delivery carries have been developed. As a sustained-release delivery system for vaccine, chitosan forms hydrogels only at body temperature [80]. Grazing animals are easily infected by Echinococcus granulosus, and studies found that EG95 vaccine plays a crucial role against the infection, thus, a thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel could deliver the EG95 vaccine for the antibody production to prevent infection from E.granulosus [81]. Not only was a cargo for protein, but as a carrier material was as well [82]. Combine chitosan and fibrin generated a novel hydrogel, which can impel blood capillary formation. After gelation, the hydrogel has a proper stiffness (~1.2kPa) to contribute blood formation and shown that it can recovery after the destruction at a low strain. The obstruction of a major coronary artery will lead to myocardial infraction. In order to promote the regeneration of infracted myocardium, a thermosensitive chitosan chloride hydrogel modified by the ROY peptide was used to improve angiogenesis after myocardial infarction and could contribute to the survival, proliferation, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells under hypoxia [83]. According to the major feature of epineuria matrix, chitosan-based gel offers a promising condition to repair peripheral nerve [84].