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Microbial Biofilms
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Neha Srivastava, Intekhab Islam, Kelvin Foong and Finbarr Allen
Culture-dependent methodologies have identified P. aeruginosa as the most common pathogen in contact lens–related infections, followed by Serratia marcescens, S. aureus, Acanthamoeba, and Fusarium [90]. Bacterial composition based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing has revealed that Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Delftia as the predominant bacteria, showing their role in contact lens–related disease [90]. Moreover, bacterial biofilms may provide binding sites for protozoa such as Acanthamoeba, predisposing lens wearers at increased risk for Acanthamoeba infection if lenses had been previously contaminated with bacterial biofilm [94]. Fungal keratitis is commonly caused by filamentous fungi Fusarium and Aspergillus species and less commonly by yeast-like fungi Candida species [95]. Fusarium adhere to contact lenses and form penetration pegs, which are hyphae of the fungi that traverse into the matrix of lenses. Biofilm on contact lenses can also be mixed species in nature.
Current understanding and therapeutic management of contact lens associated sterile corneal infiltrates and microbial keratitis
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Lily Ho, Isabelle Jalbert, Kathleen Watt, Alex Hui
Practitioners should be aware that atypical bacteria such as Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Delftia have been identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis to be the predominant bacteria present in contact lens wearers with corneal infiltrates, including microbial keratitis, who have been referred for additional therapy due to poor response to the initial empirical therapy.87 Similarly, these bacteria are found in contact lens cases of patients with CIEs.88–96 Although rare, these bacteria have been reported as causes of MK in contact lens wearers.89,90,95–98Achromobacter xylosoxidans is known to be resistant to multiple antibiotics including aminoglycosides, most cephalosporins and have varying sensitivity to fluoroquinolones.89,90 Strains from both Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Delftia acidovorans can be multidrug resistant.91–93
Role of nutrient limitation in the competition between uropathogenic strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in mixed biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Guillermo E. Juarez, Estela M. Galván
Knowledge of interspecies interactions between uropathogens that develop multispecies biofilms on urinary catheters, particularly K. pneumoniae and E. coli, is limited. E. coli has been studied in mixed species biofilms with P. aeruginosa (Cerqueira et al. 2013) and with two non-pathogenic atypical species (Delftia tsuruhatensis and Achromobacter xylosoxidans) (Azevedo et al. 2014). The results indicated that cell numbers of E. coli decreased when co-cultured with P. aeruginosa while P. aeruginosa seemed to benefit in mixed species biofilms (Cerqueira et al. 2013). On the other hand, pre-colonization with Delftia tsuruhatensis and Achromobacter xylosoxidans appeared to promote E. coli adhesion to form mixed species biofilms (Azevedo et al. 2014). Additionally, it has been reported that co-infection of the urinary tract with E. coli and P. mirabilis enhanced bacterial colonization and persistence of both pathogens during urinary tract infection (UTI), which is consistent with the observed changes in nutritional requirements between E. coli and P. mirabilis during co-colonization (Alteri et al. 2015). Finally, in vitro analysis of mixed K. pneumoniae–E. coli biofilms grown on a siliconized surface in artificial urine medium (AUM) showed a detrimental effect of K. pneumoniae over E. coli (Galván et al. 2016).
The potential role of interventions impacting on gut-microbiota in epilepsy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Luigi F Iannone, Maria Gómez-Eguílaz, Rita Citaro, Emilio Russo
In the first study, Proteobacteria (in particular Campylobacter, Delftia, Haemophilus, Lautropia, and Neisseria) were found higher in patients with idiopathic focal epilepsy than in healthy controls, as well as Fusobacteria (Leptotrichia and Fusobacterium), found only in the group with patients [40]. Finally, Huang et al. have found significantly enriched Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Akkermansia, Enterococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, Rothia, and Clostridium IV in CPE patients, and reduced Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Ruminococcus, Roseburia, Anaerostipes, and Parasutterella [41].