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Exopolysaccharides from Marine Microalgae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Azita Navvabi, Ahmad Homaei, Nazila Navvabi, Philippe Michaud
EPS of Gyrodinium impudicum have the ability to suppress encephalomyocarditis and mumps virus. Cytopathogenic effect of p-KG03 strain reported is due to its EPS. The factor of concentrations determine the killing of viruses (Yim et al. 2004).
Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Patients who have shown no improvement in pulmonary infiltrates and become “failure-to-wean” problems require a different approach. Such patients may also show cytopathogenic effect (CPE) diagnostic of BAL; cytology performed shows herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). In failure to wean patients with little or no infiltrates on CXR, HSV-1 NP/VAP is not an uncommon problem in the CCU. If HSV-1 CPEs are demonstrated in BAL specimens, the diagnosis of HSV-1 NP/VAP is confirmed. After 3–5 days of acyclovir, patient’s pulmonary function is improved and weaning is easily achieved, confirming the diagnosis. Then, a 10-day course of acyclovir is indicated [31–35].
Epstein–Barr virus and the nervous system
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Alexandros C. Tselis, Kumar Rajamani, Pratik Bhattacharya
Direct detection of virus in CSF is good evidence of its involvement in neurological disease. Detection by culture is not easy to do, because the virus does not usually cause lytic infection, so there is no cytopathogenic effect that can be used to identify its presence. The virus can be detected, however, through its effects in inducing immortalization [12], which requires specialized expertise not easily available in most laboratories. Alternatively, it can be detected by direct amplification through the polymerase chain reaction (Section 6.2) [13].
Ligand-based discovery of coronavirus main protease inhibitors using MACAW molecular embeddings
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Jie Dong, Mihayl Varbanov, Stéphanie Philippot, Fanny Vreken, Wen-bin Zeng, Vincent Blay
Compounds 1 and 7 were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit the cytopathogenic effect of the virus (see Methods). The concentrations for this assay were selected based on the cytotoxicity results inFigure 5. The results for compound 1 (Figure 6(a)) show that it has no inhibitory effect on the cytopathogenic effect (CPE) of the virus at high multiplicity of infection (i.e. high viral load). Nonetheless, it may elicit some reduction in CPE at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.003. Notably, compound 7 shows a very significant reduction in CPE across all the viral doses tested (Figure 6(b)). We evaluated the effect of compound 7 on viral titres (Figure 6(c)), confirming that the reduction in the cytopathic effect is associated with a substantial reduction in the viral load. This would be consistent with the main mechanism of action of compound 7 being the inhibition of Mpro. Compound 7 thus appears as a promising antiviral hit compound against SARS-CoV-2, warranting further studies and optimisation efforts. Of note, 2(3H)-benzoxazolone and bioisosteres like 2(3H)-benzothiazolone in compound 7 are considered a “privileged scaffold”, which has been used in commercial drugs such as Benzolone, Paraflex, Vinizene, and Tiaramide65.
Drugs repurposing for SARS-CoV-2: new insight of COVID-19 druggability
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sujit Kumar Debnath, Monalisha Debnath, Rohit Srivastava, Abdelwahab Omri
Human pluripotent stem cells were used to fabricate colonic organoid and lung models to evaluate the infection target. This cell line is more physiologically relevant than cancer cell lines. Using this model, different FDA-approved drugs were sorted that obstruct the entry of SARS-CoV-2 at physiologically relevant concentrations. Out of them, mycophenolic acid, quinacrine, and imatinib were the most promising candidates [103]. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressant drug used to treat autoimmune conditions like Crohn’s disease and lupus. This drug is also used to prevent rejection during organ transplantations. This drug already showed effectiveness against several viruses like MERS-CoV, human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, mouse hepatitis virus, HCoV-NL63, dengue virus, etc. Due to the broad antiviral activity, this drug was explored for COVID-19. An in-vitro antiviral study on VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells showed a robust cytopathogenic effect (CPE) against COVID-19 [107]. Quinacrine (Qx) is an antimalarial drug that has demonstrated antiviral, antiprion, and anticancer activities. The antiviral activity of Qx is associated with rising pH in acidic organelles, diminishing the enzymatic activity of viral cells, and the ability to bind with viral RNA and DNA. Vero E6 cells line was infected with SARS-CoV-2 to check the antiviral activity of Qx [108]. This study confirmed the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus replication and cytotoxicity after 48 h of Qx treatment to the cell line.
A bimodal pattern of the onset of COVID-19 related acute pancreatitis supports both the cytotoxic and immune-related pathogenesis – a systematic review
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Bianka Bircakova, Radan Bruha, Lukas Lambert, Gabriela Grusova, Pavel Michalek, Andrea Burgetova
The pancreatic injury in COVID-19 has been linked to the expression of ACE2 in the pancreatic islet cells. ACE2 receptor is the target receptor for COVID-19 and its expression is even higher in the pancreas than in the lungs [1]. Apart from the direct cytopathogenic effect of COVID-19, other mechanisms including systemic inflammatory response to respiratory failure or drug-related pancreatic injury may be involved [11]. Meireles et al. support the theory of secondary immune-mediated inflammatory response because the clinical symptoms of pancreatitis in their case and several other reported cases developed during resolution of the lung infection 1–2 weeks after the first respiratory or general symptoms of COVID-19 had appeared [16]. In this review, a delayed onset was found in 43% of patients. This bi-modal pattern supports both the cytotoxic and the immune-related pathogenesis of the pancreatic injury. As yet, no direct evidence of the proposed mechanism of the immune-related pancreatic injury in COVID-19 has been established. Although the direct involvement of the pancreas by COVID-19 has been reported, it is unknown, whether the virus could replicate in the pancreatic tissue.