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Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Ajayan, R. Ajith Kumar, Nirmal Narayanan
Fouad et al. (2019) attempted to isolate the bacteria from abscesses in camels and evaluated the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera extracts. Abscess in camels is one of the most important bacterial infections, causing anemia and emaciation. The disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration were used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera extracts against isolated bacteria from camel abscesses. The following bacteria were isolated from the abscesses: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus spp., Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter spp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ethanol extracts of M. oleifera showed pronounced antibacterial activity against all the tested organisms. This shows that M. oleifera can be used for controlling pyogenic bacteria.
Acute Laryngeal Infections
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
The causative organisms in pathogenic diphtheria are the toxogenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria and Corynebacterium ulcerans. The early clinical picture of upper respiratory tract symptoms is due to the effects of the organism itself. Delayed effects are due to the release of exotoxin.
Clindamycin and Lincomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Clindamycin is active against most of the following Gram-positive bacteria (Table 85.1). Staphylococcus aureus (including many beta-lactamase-producing strains); coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS); group B, C, and G streptococci; Streptococcus pyogenes; S. pneumoniae; Streptococcus viridans; and Streptococcus bovis are usually susceptible (Keusch and Present, 1976). However, clindamycin resistance among S. aureus isolates has increased dramatically and varies geographically (Stein et al., 2016). Clindamycin is not active against E. faecalis or E. faecium, but it does usually retain activity against Enterococcus durans (Karchmer et al., 1975; Devriese et al., 2002). Bacillus anthracis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae are susceptible to clindamycin (Athamna et al., 2004b; Gigantelli et al., 1991; Luna et al., 2007; May et al., 2014a). However, recently, 65.5 % of Bacillus cereus isolates recovered from patients with bloodstream infections were found to be resistant to clindamycin (Ikeda et al., 2015). Although generally thought to be active against most Nocardia species, variable susceptibility has been recently reported against Nocardia brasiliensis (Lerner and Baum, 1973; Chen et al., 2013). Clindamycin is highly active against C. diphtheriae (Zamiri and McEntegart, 1972), but resistance to Corynebacterium ulcerans has been noted (Tiwari et al., 2008).
A combined DTaP-IPV vaccine (Tetraxim®/Tetravac®) used as school-entry booster: a review of more than 20 years of clinical and post-marketing experience
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Catherine Huoi, Juan Vargas-Zambrano, Denis Macina, Emmanuel Vidor
Strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae or Corynebacterium ulcerans can cause diphtheria disease. In countries with robust diphtheria vaccination programs, the incidence of diphtheria is extremely low [8–10]. However, diphtheria remains endemic in some areas of the world and regular small diphtheria outbreaks/resurgence are reported, mainly from Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, South America, Africa, and Eastern Europe [11–15]. This reflects inadequate VCR and demonstrates the importance of sustaining high levels of immunity through the highest possible coverage in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood [16]. Individuals who are unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated can also contract diphtheria during travel to endemic areas, as the bacterium spreads mainly through respiratory droplets. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a three-dose primary series as the foundation for building lifelong immunity to diphtheria. But in the absence of natural boosting, the humoral immunity conferred by primary vaccination wanes over time [10,16,17] and booster doses are hence needed for continued protection. WHO’s recommendations include a minimum of three booster doses: one during the second year of life (at 12–23 months of age), one at primary school entry (4–7 years of age), and one during adolescence (9–15 years of age) [16].
Nuclease activity: an exploitable biomarker in bacterial infections
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Javier Garcia Gonzalez, Frank J. Hernandez
Unassigned extracellular nuclease activity blueprints have also been reported in numerous anaerobic bacteria. These include Gram-positive anaerobes, including pathogenic peptostreptococci and Clostridium spp, such as Peptostreptococcus anaerobius or the aforementioned C. perfringens respectively; and Gram-negative anaerobes, including pathogenic fusobacteria or bacteroides, such as Fusobacterium necrophorum or Bacteroides fragilis, respectively [75]. Similar unassigned activity has been reported in members of the corynebacteria, including Corynebacterium ulcerans and C. diphtheriae, the activity of the latter species being independent of the activity of its toxin [76]. Membrane-associated and secreted extracellular nuclease activity of unassigned origin has also been described for numerous pathogenic species and strains of mycoplasma [28], some of which have been shown to induce immortalization and malignant transformation of different human cells in vitro [77,78] and have been associated with the development of malignancies in humans [79–82].
Fatal diphtheria myocarditis in a 3-year-old girl—related to late availability and administration of antitoxin?
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Karlijn Van Damme, Natasja Peeters, Philippe G. Jorens, Tine Boiy, Marjan Deplancke, Hilde Audiens, Marek Wojciechowski, Jozef De Dooy, Margreet te Wierik, Erika Vlieghe
Diphtheria is an acute and fulminant infectious disease caused by toxicogenic strains of corynebacteria, i.e. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. C. diphtheriae is the most common toxicogenic strain and is associated with person-to-person spread [1–3]. Respiratory diphtheria is usually characterised by a variable degree of pharyngitis followed by the formation of unilateral or bilateral tonsillar pseudomembranes. More severe illness can be associated with inflammation and oedema of the surrounding cervical lymph nodes, causing a bull-neck appearance. When it enters the bloodstream, the highly potent exotoxin may cause serious systemic complications, including myocarditis, which is often fatal, and peripheral neuropathy [1–4].