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Emphasis II
Published in Robert A. Harris, Writing with Clarity and Style, 2017
Remember that the goal of writing is to take your readers along with you, communicate with them, and persuade them that your ideas have merit. If you insult your readers, you will not accomplish your goal. Understating your claims shows a respect for your readers’ understanding and a sense of modesty on your part. Suppose, for example, that you are new to a controversy about whether a local water well should be closed because of pollution. Which of these statements would you find more credible, based on their tone and claims? Not understated: Anyone who says this water is safe to drink is either stupid or foolish. This toxic slop is poisoned with coliform bacteria. Anyone who doesn’t know that is an idiot.Understated: The county says this water is drinkable, but I’m not sure I would drink it. Perhaps the county has not seen the results of the tests for harmful bacteria … [and so on].
Indicators of microbial quality *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms from the genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Klebsiella. Some members of the coliform group are native to the environment and therefore are found in uncontaminated water. Because of this, total coliform is an unreliable indicator of fecal contamination but is commonly used as a process indicator.2Fecal (or thermotolerant) coliform are coliforms capable of surviving at 44.5o C and are thought to be more specific to feces, though they may not be reliable in predicting health risks (Gruber et al. 2014).
Arthritis
Published in Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair, Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
A small fraction of patients with inflammatory arthritis may be experiencing food allergy. Increased immune system activity then results in a general arthritis flare. Unique examples include food poisoning with coliform bacteria, such as Shigella, that can cause flares of Reiter’s arthritis, and the ingestion of wheat products in patients with celiac sprue and associated arthritis. Arthritic reactions due to food allergies are, however, extremely uncommon. Most patients who have observed a connection between their arthritis and specific foods do not have this connection confirmed by subsequent stringent testing. Skin scratch tests and RAST testing of foods are only somewhat helpful as only 50% of the foods which definitely cause intestinal reactions show a response (Bahna and Kanuga, 1991). The best method for confirming allergy is a total elimination diet until the symptom subsides, with cautious re-initiation of the suspected food and observation. Some patients have reported improved symptoms on such individually tailored diets (Darlington et al., 1986). Overall, true arthritis as a complication of a food allergy appears to be extremely rare.
Is there a role for the microbiome in systemic sclerosis?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Bacterial overgrowth is a recognized feature of patients with long-standing SSc, historically thought to arise due to intestinal stasis. Slowing of intestinal motility facilitates the local proliferation of coliform bacteria. However, while intestinal motor complexes affect the diversity and abundance of the microbiota, new research has confirmed that this relationship is not unidirectional [12]. In other words, gut microbiota can influence motor patterns. Studies in germ-free animals demonstrate disruptions not only in motor patterns, but also in enteric neural and muscular morphology and function [12]. Colonization of germ-free rats with commensal species, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum, reverses intestinal transit delays. Various bacterial components and products may affect motility, including short-chain fatty acids and bile salts [12].
Evaluation of zeolite supported bimetallic nanoparticles of zero-valent iron and copper (Z-nZVI/Cu) in the presence of ultrasonic for simultaneous removal of nitrate and total coliforms from aqueous solutions: optimization and modeling with response surface methodology
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Abdolmotaleb Seid-Mohammadi, Ghorban Asgari, Alireza Rahmani, Tayyebeh Madrakian, Amir Karami
Pollution of surface and underground water by nitrate is one of the major environmental problems in various parts of the world (Mohammadi et al.2011). The extensive use of artificial fertilizers and the discharge of industrial and urban wastewater have resulted in large amounts of nitrate penetration into raw water (Öztürk and Bektaş 2004, Cengeloglu et al.2006). The existence of high levels of nitrate in aqueous solutions can lead to problems such as eutrophication in the receiving waters and the development of methemoglobinemia in children (Li et al.2009, Almasi et al.2018). In addition to nitrate, the presence of organisms causing disease such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites in water has led to health and environmental problems in most countries of the world (Zarpelon et al.2016). Coliform bacteria are an indicator of water contaminated with animal and human wastewater and, if this organism is absent, water can be used as safe for drinking purposes. According to reports, these bacteria are generally not harmful, but other microbes which these bacteria are their indicator can cause short-term effects, e.g. diarrhea, nausea, headaches, and other symptoms (Sun et al.2003, Devi et al.2008, Aziz et al.2013). Therefore, the need to remove this pollutant seems necessary for the purpose of water quality, such as maintaining public health.
Spatial distribution, multivariate statistical analysis, and health risk assessment of some parameters controlling drinking water quality at selected primary schools located in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Tapos Kormoker, Abubakr M. Idris, Mohammed Mahmud Khan, Tanmoy Roy Tusher, Ram Proshad, Md. Saiful Islam, Sujan Khadka, Shaira Rahman, Md. Humayun Kabir, Satyajit Kundu
Furthermore, microbiological contamination mostly associated with fecal contamination is a major problem in water portability (PCRWR 2005). In general, microbial contamination of the groundwater and reservoirs is attributed to the leakage of pipelines and unplanned sanitation and drainage. According to a report by Kahlown et al. (2006), a damage of water pipelines could be a source of bacterial contamination. A leakage of septic tank can also introduce bacteria into the surrounding water sources (Rahman and Rahman 2018). The literature reported three groups of coliform bacteria (total coliforms (TCs), fecal coliforms (FCs), and Escherichia coli) that could be found in water (New York State, Department of Health 2020). Each species can act as an indicator of drinking water quality and each has a different level of risk. Coliform bacteria are also considered indicator organisms since they signify the possible existence of bacteria that can potentially cause illness through water. The appearance of coliform bacteria in water does not indicate that the consuming water causes infection; however, their existence means the contamination of water through the sources possessing disease-causing bacteria, which can cause serious health implications (Swistock et al.2013). Some studies (Hasan et al. 2019, Saha et al. 2019) reported that drinking water contamination by coliform bacteria (TCs and FCs) significantly increased the occurrence of various water-borne diseases including diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis A and B in Bangladesh. Therefore, it is mandatory to access the quality of drinking water using bacteriological tests, especially the presence of TCs and FCs in water.