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Ofloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Ofloxacin has very limited clinical activity against anaerobes and in general should not be used to treat anaerobic infections. It has little useful activity against obligate anaerobes, with MIC90s often > 4 µg/ml. Gram-positive anaerobes, such as Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus spp., may be borderline susceptible (MIC90 ≤ 16 µg/ml), but Actinomyces spp. are resistant (Goldstein and Citron, 1991). Clostridium perfringens may sometimes be susceptible to ofloxacin (MIC90 0.5–2 µg/ml), but other Clostridia spp. are generally resistant (Goldstein and Citron, 1992; Goldstein, 1993; Appelbaum, 1995; Appelbaum, 1999). In particular, C. difficile is usually resistant to ofloxacin (MIC90 16–32 µg/ml) (Delmee and Avesani, 1986; Appelbaum, 1999; Cattoir et al., 2008).
Clostridium Symbiosum Sepsis Diagnosed Using Next-Generation Sequencing in a 2 Year Old Child: A Case Report
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
There are approximately 1% of blood culture isolates that are due to Clostridium species as a cause of bacteremia. Infections with other Clostridium species are becoming more common, but Clostridium perfringens is still the most prevalent. Intestinal mucosa may become permeable to these organisms that then gain access to the bloodstream. It is common for certain underlying diseases to be associated with clostridial bacteremia including neoplasms (particularly colon cancer), immunodeficiency, perforation of the viscus and appendicitis [9]. By searching MEDLINE, we found only three case reports of human bacteremia caused by Clostridium symbiosum in the English-language literature. The first human infection caused by Clostridium symbiosum was reported in a 70-year-old man with metastatic colon cancer who was cachectic and severely immunocompromised [4]. A second case has been reported by Decousser et al., which involved a 54-year-old man without a history of malignancy or hepatobiliary tract disease [5]. According to Toprak et al., the third patient with metastatic ovarian cancer underwent debulking surgery as well as partial sigmoid removal [6]. This is the fourth report that Clostridium symbiosum causes illness, and the first of its kind to indicate that the anaerobic bacteria causes sepsis in children. According to previous studies, the patients had underlying bowel disease that increased their risk for bacteremia.
The role of claudin-4 in the development of gastric cancer
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms. CPE acts by binding to the claudin receptors to form complexes that create porous structures on the surface membranes of cells, thus increasing calcium influx and leading to cell death [61]. Claudin-4 is a target of CPE [62]. A Claudin-4-targeted therapy molecule (C-CPE-PSIF) is a conjugate of the C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with the protein synthesis inhibitory factor derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin. Intra-tumour injection of C-CPE-PSIF inhibited tumour growth [63]. Studies in rats revealed that claudin-4 was a safe target for GC therapy [64]. Therefore, claudin-4 can serve as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of GC. Current studies are exploring whether claudin-4 can be applied to regulate the sensitivity of GC cells to chemotherapy in vitro, revealing promising application potential. Studies targeting the inhibitory effect of claudin-4 molecules on tumours in animals are lacking. These studies should be performed in the future.
Management of bacterial skin and skin structure infections with polymicrobial etiology
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Silvano Esposito, Tiziana Ascione, Pasquale Pagliano
S. aureus and GABHS, alone or in synergism, are also the most common pathogens of necrotizing fasciitis. However, other aerobic and anaerobic pathogens may be present [24]. Clostridium perfringens is the most common Clostridium spp. causing the clostridial myonecrosis and C. septicum and other species (C. novyi, C. bifermentans, C. histolyticum, and C. fallax) can be the causative agents [25]. Moreover, Gram-positive cocci, especially S. aureus, are the main pathogens causing diabetic foot infections, but Gram-negative pathogens can be reported in those with chronic infection receiving multiple antibiotic treatments [26]. Infections in patients suffering foot ischemia or gangrene can be caused by obligate anaerobic pathogens [27]. In Table 2 is summarized the cause according the risk factor and the type of SSTI.