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Order Picornavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is another well-known member of the Cardiovirus A species. Jeoung et al. (2010) constructed a plasmid containing the P1–2A and 3C genes of the EMCV-K3 viral strain. The EMCV VLPs were successfully assembled in mammalian 293FT cells and were identified as particles of about 30–40 nm by electron microscopy. The immunization of mice with the plasmid DNA induced high levels of neutralizing antibody and led to a significant protection ratio after challenge with wild-type EMCV (Jeoung et al. 2010). Furthermore, Jeoung et al. (2011) successfully generated the EMCV VLPs of the same 30–40 nm size by the baculovirus expression system in Sf9 cells. The high neutralizing antibody titers were observed following double immunization of pigs. Finally, the ECMV VLP vaccine with an alum adjuvant was recommended as a safe candidate for protecting against EMCV-induced reproductive failure in pig farms (Jeoung et al. 2012).
Nonpolio Enteroviruses, Polioviruses, and Human CNS Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Human enteroviruses (HEVs) are members of the Enterovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. This family consists of the following genera: Aphthovirus, Cardiovirus, Enterovirus, Hepatovirus, Parechovirus, Erbovirus, Kobuvirus, and Teschovirus (Carsten and Ball 2009).
The potential of plant-made vaccines to fight picornavirus
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
Picornaviridae is one of the largest viral families, which according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) comprise 35 genera enclosing 80 viral species; many other are on the list to be classified. All members are ~30-32 nm in diameter with an icosahedral structure composed of 60 identical units (protomers) [1]. The members of this family have a genome composed of a single-stranded, positive-sense, and non-segmented RNA; with a length ranging 6.7–10.1 kb. The ORF is flanked by two untranslated regions (UTR); with the 5´end containing diverse RNA secondary structures implicated in replication and associated with the VPg protein that plays an important role in translation. The 3´UTR contains a poly (A) tail that mimics mRNA from the host providing genome stability (Figure 1). Picornaviruses possess four capsid proteins having b-barrel folding and code for a polyprotein that is processed by virus-encoded cysteine proteinases; their replication is performed by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase containing the YGDD sequence motif. Picornaviruses are transmitted through the oral-fecal or aerial routes and many of them affect humans and animals; causing subclinical infections, mild febrile illness, and mild diseases in the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts; as well as severe heart, liver, and central nervous system diseases. Picornaviruses of the genera Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, Parechovirus, and Salivirus infect humans [2].