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Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Foods and Beverages
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Bacillus group includes Bacillus licheniformis, B. pumilus and B. subtilis, etc. that carries out alkaline fermentation. This group causes hydrolysis of protein and forms amino acids, peptides and ammonia that can elevate the alkalinity of the substrate (especially protein rich foods, such as: legumes and soybean) as a result of which growth of spoilage causing microorganisms is inhibited.13 Yeast is involved in the fermentation by producing alcohol as the major product. Saccharomyces sp. and Schizo- saccharo myces sp. are the main species that bring about fermentation. S. boulderi and Sch. pombe are dominant yeasts involved in the fermentation of traditional fermented beverages.149 Different changes related to acid and flavor development, production of antimicrobial compounds that are related to change in texture and protein digestibility (Table 16.2) occur in the food products during fermentation.
Selective Antimicrobial Agents from Terrestrial Plants A Hope in the Battle of Infection
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Fadia S. Youssef, Mohamed L. Ashour
C. phlomidis n-hexane and dichloromethane have been examined for their antibacterial effect against Bacillus licheniformis using the diffusion assay. The extracts showed zones of inhibition of 19 and 15.5 mm, respectively. The exact mode of action for the inhibition of Bacillus licheniformis was determined using in vitro studies represented by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) fragmentation, and FACS (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting) analysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis revealed the existence of irregularity in the cell wall, damage of its membrane and the leakage and protrusion of the cellular components. Moreover, DNA analysis showed the apoptosis of bacterial cellular DNA. Besides, FACS analysis revealed the potential disruption of the membrane potential triggered by the extracts where dichloromethane showed higher potency when compared to the n-hexane fraction. FTIR spectroscopic analysis was performed to determine the predominant functional groups in the extract that revealed the richness of the bioactive extract by halogen, alcohol and aldehyde groups. Thus, it can be concluded that C. phlomidis dichloromethane extract exerts its significant antimicrobial activity by membrane disruption with concomitant cellular contents leakage in addition to bacterial DNA degradation (Sirohi et al. 2019).
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
Furthermore, cumin oil displayed marked antifungal activity against Candida albicans strains identified in vaginal samples of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis (Minooeianhaghighi Sepehrian et al. 2017). The oil also showed marked toxicity against a broad spectrum of foodborne fungal isolates from stored wheat and chickpeas as well as aflatoxin inhibitory effect (Kedia et al. 2014). In addition, the oil of Moroccan cumin demonstrated strong antifungal activity against six yeast strains, belonging to four species (Petretto et al. 2018). Among the different constituents of cumin EO, cuminal is reported to possess good antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella spp., followed by moderate activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus licheniformis strains (Naveed et al. 2013).
Collaborative optimization and molecular docking exploration of novel ACE-inhibitory peptides from bovine milk by complex proteases hydrolysis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Li Chen, Wenfei Shangguan, Chunju Bao, Guowei Shu, He Chen
In this study, a mathematical model for complex enzyme hydrolysis of skim bovine milk was established. The complex enzymes were subjected to alcalase and protease from Bacillus licheniformis with a ratio of around 1:1. The enzymatic hydrolysis condition was optimized as pH of 9.01, temperature of 61.81 °C and E/S of 6.5% corresponding to ACE-inhibitory activity of 85.02%. Fraction G2-2 with IC50 value of 167.33 μg/mL was obtained. Main amino acids of fraction G2-2 was Tyr, Phe, Glu, Ala, Val and Pro. Two novel ACE-inhibitory peptides were identified by Q-Exactive LC–MS/MS and listed as VLPVPQ and VAPFPE. The molecular docking results recovered that these novel peptides combined with the S1 and S2 pockets and Zn(II) of ACE greatly. Whether these novel ACE-inhibitory peptides possess the potent antihypertensive efficacy in SHRs is included in future research programme. We provide an efficient and practical enzymatic combination of alcalase and protease for the milk-derived ACE-inhibitory peptides production. Our novel ACE-inhibitory peptides could potentially develop the functional foods for hypertension therapy.
Photodynamic therapy on skin melanoma and epidermoid carcinoma cells using conjugated 5-aminolevulinic acid with microbial synthesised silver nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Aishwarya Shivashankarappa, Konasur Rajesh Sanjay
Seed culture Bacillus licheniformis was prepared by transferring a loop full of organism into 3 ml nutrient broth medium and incubated overnight in rotary shaker at 37 °C. The seed culture (2%) was transferred into conical flask containing 50 ml nutrient broth and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and 160 rpm. The bacterial culture was centrifuged at 6000×g for 20 min and the supernatant was discarded. The biomass was washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7) and once with sterile distilled water. The supernatant was discarded and the bacterial biomass was transferred into conical flask containing 45 ml sterile distilled water. For silver nanoparticles production, 5 ml of 10 mM silver nitrate solution was added to the bacterial biomass and the solution was incubated overnight at 28 °C in rotary shaker at 180–200 rpm. The change in the colour of the solution from pale yellow to dark purple was monitored which indicates the synthesis of nanoparticles. The cells containing nanoparticles was harvested by centrifugation and suspended in osmotic shock buffer (20% sucrose, 30 mM Tris–HCl of pH 8 and 1 mM EDTA) with gentle mixing for 10 min. The solution was centrifuged at 8000×g for 10 min at 4 °C and the supernatant was discarded and the pellets were re-suspended in ice cold sterile water. Cells were again gently mixed for 10 min and centrifuged at 8000×g for 10 min at 4 °C. Supernatant containing cell debris and other contaminants was discarded and the suspended nanoparticles were passed through 0.22 µm syringe filters to remove contaminants and stored at –20 °C.
Molecular regulation of adhesion and biofilm formation in high and low biofilm producers of Bacillus licheniformis using RNA-Seq
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Faizan Ahmed Sadiq, Steve Flint, Hafiz Arbab Sakandar, GuoQing He
Among Bacillus species, a lot of work on biofilm formation has been reported for Bacillus subtilis, a model organism for biofilm studies, and a complete mechanism of biofilm formation has been explained (Vlamakis et al. 2008; Gingichashvili et al. 2017; Haggett et al. 2018; Yu et al. 2018), including the role of different molecular regulators of biofilm formation (Fagerlund et al. 2016; Xu et al. 2017; Yan et al. 2017). Among other Bacillus species of industrial concern, biofilm forming characteristics and the role of biofilms in bacterial survival in harsh environmental conditions have been widely studied in Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus thuringiensis and some other bacilli (Sadiq, Flint, Yuan, et al. 2017; dos Ramos Almeida et al. 2018). Despite a number of genetic similarities (Chun and Bae 2000) among different Bacillus species, they can exhibit substantial differences in their phenotypic characteristics (Sadiq, Flint, Yuan, et al. 2017; dos Ramos Almeida et al. 2018).