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Bacillus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The genus Bacillus is classified taxonomically in the family Bacillaceae, order Bacillales, class Bacilli, phylum Firmicutes, and domain Bacteria. Representing 1 of the 27 genera within the family Bacillaceae (i.e., Alkalibacillus, Amphibacillus, Anoxybacillus, Bacillus, Caldalkalibacillus, Cerasibacillus, Exiguobacterium, Filobacillus, Geobacillus, Gracilibacillus, Halobacillus, Halolactibacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Lentibacillus, Marinibacillus, Oceanobacillus, Ornithinibacillus, Paraliobacillus, Paucisalibacillus, Pontibacillus, Saccharococcus, Salinibacillus, Tenuibacillus, Thalassobacillus, Ureibacillus, Virgibacillus, and Vulcanibacillus), the genus Bacillus comprises more than 140 recognized species, including vertebrate pathogens (e.g., B. anthracis, B. cereus), invertebrate parasites (e.g., B. larvae, B. lentimorbus, B. popilliae, B. sphaericus, B. thuringiensis), and nonpathogenic saprophytes [3].
Antibacterial Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
In the study done by Dubber and Harder (2008), antibacterial effects of hexane and methanol extracts of the macroalgae Mastocarpus stellatus and Ceramium virgatum (formerly Ceramium rubrum) on 12 marine and seven prominent fish pathogenic bacteria at ecologically realistic concentrations of macroalgal secondary metabolites were investigated. Antibacterial activity was determined with a highly sensitive growth inhibition assay that records the fluorescence intensity of stained bacterial DNA. The assay allowed the detection of bacterial growth inhibition at and below the tissue level concentration of algal metabolites. Gram+ marine Bacillaceae were generally more susceptible than Grammarine Vibrionaceae. Listonella anguillarum, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, and Aeromonas salmonicida were the most susceptible fish pathogenic bacteria.
Effect of bacterial toxin identified from the Bacillus subtilis against the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Govindaraju Ramkumar, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani, Mohamed S Elshikh, Ahmed Abdel-Megeed, Patcharin Krutmuang
Biopesticides, derived from plants and microorganisms that quickly degrade are considered safer than more stable synthetic insecticides (Senthil-Nathan et al. 2005b, Lengai and Muthomi 2018, Mossa et al. 2018). There are various microorganisms that are potent biocontrol agents and are target specific (Naher et al. 2014). One such microbe is a bacterium, Bacillus subtilis (Bacillaceae: Firmicutes). This rod-shaped, Gram-positive, bacterium is commonly found in soil and is nonpathogenic to humans, B. subtilis is used in various industries to produce a wide variety of pesticides (Piggot-Irvine 2009, Senthil-Nathan 2015, Kumar et al. 2019). They are also called hay bacillus or grass bacillus. B. subtilis forms a tough endospore and can tolerate extreme temperatures. Hence, it is used as an effective biopesticide in a wide range (Revathi et al. 2014, Lin et al. 2020).
The Sporobiota of the Human Gut
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Muireann Egan, Eugene Dempsey, C. Anthony Ryan, R. Paul Ross, Catherine Stanton
Aerobic spore-formers found in the gut microbiota include members of the Bacillaceae family.23 Spore-forming bacilli are more commonly associated with the soil microbiome and their presence in the gut is associated with ingestion of food and water. However, despite it not being their natural habitat, Bacillus species are well adapted to survive the GIT and reports suggest that describing Bacillus as merely a “transient” member of the gut microbiome is incorrect and that they may be gut colonizers.66,67 A number of facultative anaerobic Bacillus spore-formers have been isolated from human fecal samples.66,68,69 In a murine model, it was shown that Bacillus spore-formers can undergo a complete life-cycle within the GIT, including germination, vegetative growth and re-sporulation.68
The probiotic Bacillus subtilis BS50 decreases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Sean M. Garvey, Eunice Mah, Traci M. Blonquist, Valerie N. Kaden, Jessica L. Spears
Given the side effects of common over-the-counter medications to reduce bloating and distension, dietary supplements have been considered as alternatives and complements. It is estimated that 57 to 80% of adults in the United States consume dietary supplements, ranging from category-leading multivitamins to benefit-specific products to help support immunity and digestive health.11,12 Many digestive health products contain probiotics that complement endogenous, beneficial gut microbes and digestive enzymes. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.13 Examples of probiotic health benefits include the support of digestive health, GI health, intestinal microbiota balance, immunity, and mood.14,15 Species of the Bacillaceae family are particularly suited for probiotic applications because they can be manufactured as highly durable endospores, or spores, with thick proteinaceous coats. Spores can persist without refrigeration, survive desiccation and heat exposure, and resist the acidic and high bile salt conditions that occur throughout the mammalian GI tract.16,17 Several Bacillaceae strains have been demonstrated to be safe for human consumption. For example, five Bacillus subtilis strains and six Weizmannia coagulans (formerly B. coagulans) strains are “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS) for use in food without objection from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).18–28 Additionally, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has included B. subtilis on the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) list of biological agents, allowing their use in food.29B. subtilis and W. coagulans strains have also been clinically shown to support digestion and GI health in participants with symptoms of FGID, including inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) and dyspepsia,30–38 as well as healthy participants.39–41 The GI-directed probiotic activity of Bacillaceae species is likely mediated by the secretion of digestive enzymes (e.g., protease, amylase, xylanase) and antimicrobial compounds (e.g., bacteriocins, fengycins, surfactins) that contribute to digestion, intestinal microbiota balance, and immunity.42,43