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Order Rowavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The adenovirus genome, as digested by Harrach et al. (2012), is represented by nonsegmented, linear dsDNA usually of 35–36 kb, while the size of genomes can range between 26 and 48 kb. The genome has terminally redundant sequences that have inverted terminal repetitions (ITR) of 36 to 371 bp. The terminal protein (TP) is covalently attached to each end of the genome. The central part of the genome is well conserved throughout the family, whereas the two ends show large variations in length and gene content. Altogether, about 40 different polypeptides are produced, mostly via complex splicing mechanisms, where almost a third compose the virion, including a virus-encoded cysteine protease (23 kDa), which is necessary for the processing of some precursor proteins. Apart from proteins V and IX, the other structural proteins are well conserved in every genus of the Adenoviridae family (Harrach et al. 2012).
Manipulating the Intracellular Trafficking of Nucleic Acids
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
Kathleen E. B Meyer, Lisa S. Uyechi, Francis C. Szoka
The adenovirus genome consists of a linear double-stranded DNA of 36 kbp in length and covalently linked to a 55-kDa terminal protein (TP) at each 5' end. The TP contains the motif RLPVRRRRRRVP, which has been confirmed as a nuclear localization sequence (152). Additionally, the TP protein has an affinity for the nuclear matrix (153,154). Adenovirus polymerase catalyzes the covalent linkage of the 5’ terminal dCMP nucleotide to the β-hydroxy of a serine residue of the preterminal protein. The adenovirus genome is assembled into a chromatinlike virion core by association with two different basic proteins, protein V, VII and μ. Protein V contains an NLS based on homology with known NLSs.
A China-developed adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine: review of the development and application of Ad5-nCov
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Shen-Yu Wang, Wen-Qing Liu, Yu-Qing Li, Jing-Xin Li, Feng-Cai Zhu
The development of Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine involves various strategies, such as recombinant or hybrid Ad5 expressing full-length genome or receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, or nucleocapsid protein of the SARS-CoV-2, or dual antigen (SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins) [40–44]. To design Ad5-nCoV, Chinese scientist Chen Wei and her team drew from their successful experience in developing an Ad5-vectored Ebola vaccine that they utilized E1/E3 deleted replication-defective Ad5 that encodes the full-length, mammalian-expression-optimized Spike gene with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal peptide [17]. The structure of the adenovirus genome and vector is illustrated in figure 2.
Dengue vaccine: an update
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Chung-Hao Huang, Yu-Te Tsai, Seng-Fan Wang, Wen-Hung Wang, Yen-Hsu Chen
The adenovirus genome has been well studied by scientists and is easy to design and produce on a mass scale, making it well suited for pandemic response. A non-replicating adenovirus vector was used to produce two bivalent dengue vaccines, dengue virus-1,1 and −2 (CAdVax-Den12) or dengue virus −3 and −4 (CAdVax-Den34), each expressing the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of two dengue serotypes. The combination of two bivalent vaccines demonstrated significant protection in rhesus macaques against all four dengue virus serotypes [73].
Blocking RIPK2 Function Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the AKT and NF-κB Pathways
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
The animal study was conducted following the National Institute of Health’s Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and received approval from the Ethic Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (8–10 weeks, 260–280 g) were obtained from Liaoning Changsheng Biotech Co, Ltd. (Benxi, China). The rats were kept in a cage (22–24°C, 12 h light-dark cycle) with free access to sterile water and food. A total of 18 rats were randomly assigned to control group (N = 6), myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) group (N = 6), and MI/R+sh-RIPK2 group (N = 6). To knockdown RIPK2 expression (Ma et al. 2017; Zeng et al. 2019), rats were injected with 1 × 109 plaque forming units of adenoviral genome particles carrying RIPK2 shRNA adenovirus genome particles in 3 locations of left ventricles. MI/R injury was inflicted on rats one week after injection (Yan et al. 2013). Pentobarbital sodium (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into rats in MI/R and MI/R+sh-RIPK2 groups to anesthetize the experimental animals. The rats were then placed in a supine position. Rat neck skin was excised, muscles were separated to expose the trachea, and the trachea was cut open. Rats were given an animal ventilator after tracheal intubation (Harvard instrument). The chest cavity was opened through the left thoracotomy to expose the heart, and the left anterior descending branch (LAD) was permanently ligated with 7–0 silk thread at the position where it emerged from the left atrium. Myocardial swelling in the perfusion bed confirmed complete blood vessel occlusion. The rats in the control group underwent the same procedure without coronary artery ligation. To induce IR, a PE10 catheter was used as a stent and a 7–0 silk suture was tied around the LAD coronary artery. The ligature was released after 30 min of ligation. After that, the slipknot was untied for 120 min of reperfusion.