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Binaural and spatial hearing
Published in Stanley A. Gelfand, Hearing, 2017
These situations illustrate a phenomenon known as the precedence effect, Haas effect, or the first wavefront principle. In general terms, when a sound coming from one direction is very quickly followed by a second sound (the echo) from another direction, then the perceived sound will be dominated by the earlier-arriving signal. In other words, we could say that echo suppression has occurred.
An exploratory investigation of speech recognition thresholds in noise with auralisations of two reverberant rooms
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2021
Antti Kuusinen, Eero Saariniemi, Ville Sivonen, Aarno Dietz, Antti A. Aarnisalo, Tapio Lokki
ERs have been found to enhance the intelligibility of speech to some extent (Bradley, Reich, and Norcross 1999; Bradley, Sato, and Picard 2003; Arweiler, Buchholz, and Dau 2009). Depending on their delay time, direction and intensity, ERs may not be perceived per se, but their energy can be integrated with the DS due to the precedence effect (Litovsky et al. 1999). This process has been found to increase the loudness of DS and improve speech intelligibility (Bradley, Sato, and Picard 2003) and has been at least partially observed even at the level of the auditory brainstem (Al Osman, Dajani, and Giguère 2017). For speech, the period of integration time is around 50 ms, after which reflections begin to smear and mask the speech signal and reduce its intelligibility (Lochner and Burger 1961). In addition, the integration process is not only dependent on the time-delay of the reflections but also their direction (Rennies et al. 2014b) and spectral properties (Arweiler and Buchholz 2011). In background noise, the precedence effect is at least partially disrupted, as ERs, depending on their properties, are masked by or merged with the interfering noise stream (Soulodre, Popplewell, and Bradley 1989; Rouch and Parizet 2018).