China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Psychoacoustic Audiometry
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Josephine E. Marriage, Marina Salorio-Corbetto
Loudness and sound pressure level: It is generally understood that the higher the level of a sound is, the louder it will sound. In other words, loudness is the subjective psychoacoustic correlate of sound pressure level, although there are additional factors that can influence loudness. Loudness is the term used for the attribute of sensation by which a listener can order sounds on a scale going from quiet to loud,15 whereas the measured level of a sound is based on the physical properties of the signal. The relationship between loudness and sound level is not straightforward. Two sounds of different frequencies can have different sound pressure levels but lead to the same loudness level. For example, a 40 dB SPL 1000 Hz pure tone may be judged to have the same loudness as a 250 Hz pure tone presented at 50 dB SPL. The unit used to quantify loudness levels is the phon. The phon is referenced to a particular level of a 1000 Hz pure tone against which the loudness of all other tones is matched. The 250 Hz tone would therefore have a loudness level of 40 phon. Figure 51.2 shows the equal loudness contours and the lower dashed curve represents the hearing threshold. The shape of the loudness contours changes with increasing level, with contours becoming flatter at high input levels.
Loudness
Published in Stanley A. Gelfand, Hearing, 2017
The contour labeled “40 phons” shows the sound pressure levels needed at each frequency for a tone to sound equal in loudness to a 1000-Hz reference tone presented at 40 dB SPL. Thus, any sound that is equal in loudness to a 1000-Hz tone at 40 dB has a loudness level of 40 phons. A tone that is as loud as a 1000-Hz tone at 50 dB has a loudness level of 50 phons; one that is as loud as a 1000-Hz tone at 80 dB has a loudness level of 80 phons, and so on. We may now define the phon as the unit of loudness level. All sounds that are equal in phons have the same loudness level even though their physical magnitudes may be different. Since we are expressing loudness level in phons relative to the level of a 1000-Hz tone, phons and decibels of sound pressure level are necessarily equal at this frequency.
“I still have issues with pronunciation of words”: A mixed methods investigation of the psychosocial and speech effects of Childhood Apraxia of Speech in adults
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2023
Courtney Cassar, Patricia McCabe, Steven Cumming
Part four of the survey asked participants to record themselves saying polysyllabic words and phrases using a link to a secure online recording system called Bridge-2-Bridge (Madill, Corcoran, & So, 2019). The words and phrases used were selected as they contain segmental and suprasegmental features the literature suggests are key features seen in CAS (ASHA, 2007). The two tasks were selected as brief, requiring no special equipment and likely to be sufficiently challenging to adult speakers that they would elicit speech errors if these were present. We hypothesised that simpler tasks such as a standardised single word test may have been too easy or too rehearsed. The single words and connected speech samples were electronically transcribed using broad phonemic transcription into ‘Phon’ 3rd Edition (Hedlund & Rose, 2019). Connected speech transcription followed the Connected Speech Transcription Protocol (CoST-P) (Barrett et al., 2019). The target transcription (orthographic and phonemic) and response transcription (phonemic only) were entered into Phon. Two research students independently transcribed all available speech samples. The transcriptions were compared to calculate reliability (the first author decided on the total number of phonemes, and each phoneme disagreed upon was taken away from the total), with an inter-rater reliability of 98.3% for single words and 99.6% for connected speech.
Identifying segmental and prosodic errors associated with the increasing word length effect in acquired apraxia of speech
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Anisah Md Nor, Sarah Masso, Kirrie J. Ballard
As previously reported, inter-rater reliability between clinicians for E_WIL was high (ICC = 0.98; Ballard et al., 2016). The first author (final-year speech-language pathology student) and last author (>30 years clinical experience), co-transcribed and coded errors for one speech sample not used in the study, to discuss perceptual features and reach >80% agreement through discussion. Following this, blinded inter- and intra-rater reliability for broad transcription of the samples were calculated on a randomly selected 20% of the participants (n = 10). As the Phon program automatically tabulates mismatches between target and actual segments in the transcription, only transcription reliability was measured. From the data subset of 1471 actual phonemes, intra-judge point-to-point agreement was 97.7%, and inter-judge reliability was 96.4%. Cohen’s Kappa of 0.827 indicated excellent reliability (p<0.001).
Markedness and implicational relationships in phonological development: A cross-linguistic investigation
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2020
Among other functions, Phon automatically labels phonetic transcriptions for syllable positions within the word, crucial to identify consonants in different syllabic positions. Figure 1 shows the colour-coded syllabification of the child utterance “elephant big”.