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Biting insect and tick allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Donald R. Hoffman, Jennifer E. Fergeson
Some of the characterized protein components of mosquito saliva are described in Table 19.2. A number of the proteins appear to be related to either digestive functions, such as maltase, amylase, and esterase, or inhibition of hemostasis, such as tachykinin, factor Xa inhibitor, purine nucleosidase, and apyrase, which is the enzyme adenosine triphosphate diphosphohydrolase that inhibits adenosine diphosphate dependent platelet aggregation. Sensory proteins are also important including the protein D7 family, which contains two insect pheromone/odorant binding protein domains and is expressed in a number of different sizes [18,21].
The Aedes Fauna: Different Aedes Species Inhabiting the Earth
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Annette Angel, Bennet Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Vinod Joshi
The genome of Aedes albopictus has been sequenced in the year 2015 (Chen et al., 2015). Sequencing results showed that its size is the largest in whole of the mosquito family, that is, 689.59 Gbp. The Foshan strain of Aedes albopictus was used for the sequencing (procured from CDC, Atlanta). Slight variations in the genome size has been observed from samples sequenced from different geographical locations. The genome has 68% of repetitive sequences. Interestingly, the sequence comparison results showed similarities between genome of flaviviruses and this species (Crochu et al., 2004; Rizzo et al., 2014; Roiz et al., 2009). The genome has 86 types of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and 158 odorant-receptor (OR) genes. These proteins help the mosquito to move to different environments in search of food and blood meal and for mating and ovipositioning activities. Like Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus also has Wolbachia species residing in its gut; the wA1bA and the wA1bB strains (Sinkins et al., 1995). Some Wolbachia strains, such as wRi, wMelPop, wPip, and wMel, were introduced artificially (Blagrove et al., 2012, 2013; Calvitti et al., 2010; Fy et al., 2010; Suh et al., 2009; Xi et al., 2006). This bacterium is capable of not only inducing cytoplasmic instability but is also resistant to viral infections (Kambhampati et al., 1993; Mousson et al., 2012). The mosquito cell line that has been successfully used by many researchers worldwide is derived from the larvae of Aedes albopictus and are now being commercially supplied everywhere for research purposes. This was first developed by Dr. K. R. P. Singh in the year 1967 (Singh, 1967).
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Assuming that a single odour molecule has several molecular conformations and can activate several different receptor types, the question arises as to whether the neurons for these different receptor types are divergently spaced in the bulb or cluster in selected regions. Mapping of odour-evoked responses in the olfactory bulb using C-FOS expression, VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE DYE RECORDING, and 2-deoxyglucose uptake (see METABOLIC MAPPING) shows that single odour molecules activate more than one glomerulus, but the spatial patterns of glomerular activation are regionalized. Electrophysiological recordings confirm that odour receptors that map to neighbouring glomeruli may have a similar structure in their receptive sites since they respond to similar classes of odour molecules. It is possible that the large seven-transmembrane olfactory receptor possesses more than one binding site. The olfactory mucosa contains diverse, functionally distinct odorant-binding proteins which recognize and bind separate classes of odorants. These odorant-binding proteins probably act as transporter molecules for hydrophobic odorants, and may themselves interact with the receptor for ligand presentation. In addition to this complication, recent advances in our understanding of olfactory transduction suggest that the capacity to integrate chemical signals may occur in the olfactory receptor neuron. Two systems of SECOND MESSENGERS, INOSITOL phosphate (Ins P3) and CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE (cyclic AMP) signalling pathways mediate olfactory transduction. Both pathways can target multiple ION CHANNEL effectors and can localize to the same receptor neuron, mediating opposing conductances. This allows the olfactory neuron to encode bipolar information and presents possibilities for integration of odour cues.
Olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: insights into the underlying mechanisms and treatments
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Jing Song, Ming Wang, Chengshuo Wang, Luo Zhang
Olfactory mucus is produced mainly by Bowman’s gland and plays important roles in maintaining OE homeostasis and function, and protection against infectious agents and particles [87,88]. The mucus microenvironment contains odorant-binding proteins and ionic components that promote transduction of olfactory signaling [21]. Altered volumes and microenvironment of mucus from Bowman’s gland may be involved in the development of OD in CRS patients, as these can prevent odorants from reaching OSNs and also influence signal transduction by changing the concentrations of ions. Indeed, a transgenic mouse model in which IL-13 is inducibly expressed specifically in OE, has shown that chronic IL-13 expression leads to increased mucus production as well as changes in the mucus microenvironment, which hinder odorant transduction [43]. In addition, in a mouse model of nasal inflammation induced by Poly(I:C) the production of mucus in the acinar cells of the glands is reduced, and/or the mucus composition in the glands is altered [62]. Apart from the changes in mucus, Bowman’s gland cells in the stroma under the mucosa have been shown to be in a proliferative state following intranasal inoculation with Sendai virus [89].
A short guide to insect oviposition: when, where and how to lay an egg
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2019
Kevin M. Cury, Benjamin Prud’homme, Nicolas Gompel
Second, the diversity of oviposition behaviors among insect species raises the question of how, from a neuronal perspective, has this behavior evolved. Are changes occurring in the input channels, in the central processing circuits, or in the motor pathways? As for variation in oviposition substrate choice, it is very likely that this results from changes in either the peripheral sensory system, or the circuit processing these inputs, or both. As species diverge to occupy new niches, it is important to develop heightened sensitivity to cues associated with new oviposition substrates. One strategy nature has taken towards this issue is by changing the sensitivity or number of sensory neurons detecting relevant cues (Figure 1(B)). For instance, D. sechellia is particularly driven to lay eggs on Morinda citrifolia fruit because of their elevated hexanoic and octanoic acid concentration, which is otherwise toxic to other Drosophila species (Legal, Moulin, & Jallon, 1999). This adaptation results, in part, from increased expression of two Odorant Binding Proteins in taste chemosensillae of the legs (Matsuo, Sugaya, Yasukawa, Aigaki, & Fuyama, 2007). In parallel, D. sechellia is also more attracted to volatile hexanoic acid as compared to other Drosophila species due to an increase in the number of acid-sensing olfactory sensory neurons, combined with the fine-tuning of the sensory receptor that detects this odor (Prieto-Godino et al., 2017). In the same vein, the specialization of D. erecta on Pandanus spp. fruits correlates with an expansion of the population of olfactory sensory neurons that detect 3-methyl-2-butenyl acetate, a volatile compound emitted by Pandanus spp. fruits that elicits oviposition in D. erecta (Linz et al., 2013).
Sub-lethal effects of thiamethoxam on Apis mellifera Linnaeus
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Amit Choudhary, Bharathi Mohindru, Ashok Kumar Karedla, Jaspal Singh, Pardeep K. Chhuneja
Pelosi et al. (2006) and Sanchez-Gracia et al. (2009) reported odorant-binding protein (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) to be involved in odor recognition and chemical communication. Shi et al. (2017) reported that in A. mellifera workers exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of thiamethoxam, i.e. 0.01 ng µL−1 for 10 days, genes obp3, obp17, obp21, and CSP3 showed significantly decreased expression.