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Cortical Visual Loss
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Visual impairment can be caused by various disorders of the brain. Cortical visual loss encompasses various disorders like visual field deficits, disorders of colour and face processing, visual agnosias, disorders of reading and stereopsis. Defects due to the impairment of the geniculostriate relay system are typified by visual field defects and the defects caused due to lesions of extra-striate visual regions show functional specificity, affecting certain types of visual processing.
Screening Programs
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Jakob Grauslund, Malin Lundberg Rasmussen
Visual acuity is measured using the Snellen, E chart, or similar charts. It can be easily tested by minimally trained personnel. In most children, visual acuity can be examined at the age of 4 or 5 or even younger. If any suspicion of visual impairment arises, patients should be referred to an ophthalmologist, where more detailed visual acuity can be measured.
Literature Review of Computer Tools for the Visually Impaired: A Focus on Search Engines
Published in Kayvan Najarian, Delaram Kahrobaei, Enrique Domínguez, Reza Soroushmehr, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medicine, 2022
Guy Meyer, Alan Wassyng, Mark Lawford, Kourosh Sabri, Shahram Shirani
With a wide range of existing research in the field of visual impairment, the scope was limited to reviewing web and computer-based assistive devices. The initial realignment of scope was due to the abundance of research efforts, along with a lack of existing systematic reviews. A collection of recognized databases were identified that could serve as reliable sources of peer-reviewed papers.
The outcomes of surgical treatment via transsphenoidal approach for patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: a single institution’s experience
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Yoon-Hee Choo, Youngbeom Seo, Oh-Lyong Kim
We initially diagnosed pituitary adenoma based on MRI and evaluated radiologic characteristics such as size, parasellar extension of the tumour towards the cavernous sinus according to the grading system proposed by Knosp et al. [15], and sellar invasion and suprasellar extension by the Hardy classification proposed by Hardy et al. [16]. We defined cavernous sinus invasion as grades 3 and 4 of the Knosp grading system. Pre- and postoperative physical, neurological, ophthalmological and endocrine function evaluations were performed. In particular, visual impairment was clinically assessed and subsequently confirmed through visual function examination, including visual acuity and visual field defects detected by automatic perimetry performed by ophthalmologists. At the same time, basal serum hormonal concentration assessment was performed to evaluate pituitary function; the parameters of pituitary function included growth hormone (GH), somatostatin-C, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine, thyroxine, free thyroxine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone or oestrogen (for male or female patients, respectively). The hormonal status was classified as follows: normal hormonal function, increased prolactin (stalk effect [17]), GH deficiency, TSH deficiency, gonadotroph deficiency and ACTH deficiency.
Multidisciplinary visual rehabilitation in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Sarah Wallace, Rotimi Alao, Hannah Kuper, Mary Lou Jackson
Eligible studies were set in LMICs (according to the World Bank List 2017 [21]) and had participants of any age who have moderate or severe visual impairment or are blind. Interventions were included “that address impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions, as well as personal and environmental factors (including assistive technology) that have an impact on functioning” [22]. Interventions able to fully correct visual impairment were excluded; these included provision of standard spectacles, contact lenses, medication or surgery. Randomised or non-randomised controlled trials were eligible, and they needed to report separately on outcomes in those who are visually impaired. Studies were eligible if they reported one or more of the following outcomes: visual acuity, functional ability to carry out activities of daily living, safety, quality of life, or psychological outcomes. We did not specify a required length of follow-up. Studies had to be available in full text, peer reviewed and published in the last 20 years (1997-current). There were no language restrictions (our protocol planned to include only papers which had title and/or abstracts available in English, but we were able to obtain translations of all titles/abstracts as required).
Common systemic medications that every optometrist should know
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
A number of case studies have reported ocular complications associated with PPI use. Six reports detailed findings of irreversible anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy with PPI use.77 However, a large retrospective cohort study of 94,063 subjects showed a minimal association between inflammatory and vascular disorders of the eye and omeprazole or histamine H2-receptor antagonists.78 However, when the data was analysed dividing the patients into separate medication groups, researchers discovered an increased risk of visual impairment in the treatment group using PPIs. Visual impairment included incidence of visual disturbance, blurred vision, unilateral or bilateral blindness, transient blindness, night blindness, visual field defect, or sudden vision loss. This large-scale data analysis provides reinforcement to the case studies reporting ocular side effects of PPI use and this medication side effect should be considered as part of the work up of patients with newly reported visual impairment.79 Discontinuation of the medication may be necessary in order to determine whether the ocular symptoms are linked to GERD medication use.