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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Tumor progression consists of the genetic expression that results in a malignant phenotype, in addition to the acquisition of malignant cells to more aggressive characteristics with time. The malignant phenotype has a prominent characteristic of uncontrolled growth and genetic instability. Moreover, tumor cells may secrete proteases during metastasis to allow invasion from the primary and immediate tumor location [10]. Further genetic changes are prone to occur during tumor progression. Again, these include the activation of oncogenes and the loss of function of tumor suppressor genes [11].
Additional Remarks, Perspectives, and Conclusions
Published in Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn, The Elusive Road Towards Effective Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 2023
Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn
The ability to track and characterize the individual evolutionary trajectories of a carcinoma may aid in probing phylogenetic relationships and assist in the identification of predictive new biomarkers for personalized therapies [517]. Structured heterogeneity data can identify the common driver events shared by each and every tumor region as well as the heterogeneous somatic events in multiple tumor areas of a specific tumor [274]. Such data is incorporated into existing databases that allow the tracking of the evolutionary trajectories of a cancer in an individual patient (e.g., “CancerTracer”) [274]. The collection of such data creates an opportunity to predict the likely path of tumor progression, which will be indispensable for diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment purposes [1448]. For this, cancer progression models (CPMs) that utilize cross-sectional samples (e.g., data on genetic alterations) can be valuable tools for predicting cancer progression [1448]. The ability to track the evolutionary trajectories and phylogenetic relationships also will be facilitated by recent innovations in linking experimental omics methods with other molecular and clinical resources (e.g., bioimaging, electronic records) [1449].
Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The treatment of cancer typically encompasses more than one approach, and the strategy adopted depends largely on the type of cancer, any biomarker(s) present, and how far it has progressed (i.e., the stage of tumor progression). The main treatments are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, other approaches such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), and vaccine- and cell-based approaches are in use.
A preliminary study of microwave ablation for solitary T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma with capsular invasion
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Jie Wu, Ying Wei, Zhen-Long Zhao, Li-Li Peng, Yan Li, Nai-Cong Lu, Ming-An Yu
During the follow-up period, there was no local recurrence encountered. Both new lesion and lymph node metastasis were detected in one patient (1/69, 1.4%), while new lesions were detected in two patients (2/69, 2.9%), and lymph node metastasis occurred in two patients (2/69, 2.9%). All five patients with tumor progression had T1a PTC nodules, and the original nodules invaded the anterior capsule. Two new PTC nodules were detected in the contralateral thyroid lobe 24 months after ablation. The third new PTC nodule in the ipsilateral thyroid lobe occurred in one patient 36 months after ablation. Metastatic lymph nodes were detected ipsilaterally in zone III in one patient 12 months after ablation, and contralaterally in zone III and VI in two patients 24 months after ablation. Further ablations were employed to successfully inactivate these new PTC nodules and metastatic lymph nodes. After the second ablation, no tumor progression occurred in the follow-up period. According to the result of univariate analysis, there was no parameter screening out as risk factor to tumor progression, which includes sex, age, tumor stage, tumor size, BRAF mutation, the position of invaded thyroid capsule and ablation time (Table 3).
Anagallis arvensis Induces Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells Through ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Satyam Kumar Agrawal, Madhunika Agrawal, Parduman Raj Sharma, Khursheed Ahmad, Abdul Sami Shawl, Saroj Arora, Ajit Kumar Saxena
One of the initial events of apoptosis is the loss of plasma membrane polarity, accompanied by externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS). The phospholipid-binding protein annexin V has high affinity for PS and can bind to cells with fluorescently labeled annexin V, which correlates with loss of membrane polarity during apoptosis (31). In contrast, PI can only enter cells after loss of membrane integrity. Thus, dual staining with annexin V and PI allows clear discrimination between viable cells (annexin V negative, PI negative), early apoptotic cells (annexin V positive, PI negative), late apoptotic cells (annexin V positive, PI positive) and necrotic cells (annexin V negative, PI positive) (32). Commensurate with this, our results also displayed that most of the cells were bound to Annexin-V FITC but not to PI. However, at highest dose of AAE (20 µg/ml) subtle amount of cells were observed stained with both of the dyes indicating late apoptosis in the cells. Further, an essential factor responsible for tumor progression is the cell cycle deregulation, which leads to uncontrolled proliferation of cells (33). In order to understand how AAE induced cellular apoptosis, we investigated its effects on cell cycle progression. The results indicated the increase in Sub G0 population of cells taken as the specific marker of apoptosis. Therefore, increase in hypodiploid peak by AAE further supported the implication of apoptosis induction. Moreover, mechanistic activity of AAE was further conferred by the assessment of various apoptosis-associated parameters.
Nomogram prediction for the involution of the ablation zone after radiofrequency ablation treatment in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Hongying He, Yan Zhang, Qing Song, Jiahang Zhao, Wen Li, Yi Li, Yukun Luo
Clinical details including patient demographic information (age and sex), nodule characteristics, RFA parameters, and follow-up data were collated for each patient. The ultrasound imaging characteristics of each nodule referred to its location, size, aspect ratio, echo, composition, calcification, and blood flow distribution. According to the anatomical structure of the thyroid, the tumor location was recorded as left lobe, right lobe, or isthmus. The largest diameter was recorded as the tumor size. Aspect ratio of tumors with a greater height than width was classified as >1, and otherwise as ≤1. Calcification was divided into four categories: absent, punctate calcification (<1 mm), plaque calcification (1–2 mm), and large calcification (>2 mm). Blood flow pattern was categorized into four levels according to the Adler blood flow grading system [23]: absent, 1–2 punctate or short blood flow, 3–4 punctate or 1-vessel blood flow, and more than 1 colored blood flow. RFA parameters included output power, duration, and energy. Follow-up data included complications, volume reduction rate (VRR) at each interval, and disease progression. Complications included pain, hematoma, and hoarseness, recorded in detail with degree and duration. VRR was calculated as VRR = ([initial volume − final volume] × 100%)/initial volume. Disease progression was defined as local tumor progression, local tumor recurrence, contralateral newly growth tumor, or lymph node or distant metastases.