China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Thyroid nodules
Published in Demetrius Pertsemlidis, William B. Inabnet III, Michel Gagner, Endocrine Surgery, 2017
Salem I. Noureldine, Ralph P. Tufano
The presence of a BRAF V600E mutation has been associated in many studies with the aggressiveness of PTC (extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis, and advanced stage) and also with disease-specific mortality when associated with other aggressive features, such as extrathyroidal extension. However, BRAF V600E mutation analysis offers a limited positive predictive value (28%) for disease recurrence [20]. RAS mutations are associated with a follicular pattern of thyroid neoplasms, and have also been reported in poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. The clinical significance of RAS mutations in thyroid cancer is controversial; some reports show that RAS mutations are associated with tumor-aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis, while others could not confirm this association. Similarly, RET/PTC rearrangements are associated in some reports with lymph node metastasis and extrathyroidal extension, and with a better prognosis in other studies. PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements have been associated with multifocality of the tumors and vascular invasion, conferring an invasive potential. Despite this, the consistent detection of PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements in benign tumors hinders its value as a diagnostic molecular marker. To date, none of these markers have been demonstrated to be clear, independent prognostic indicators, thus preventing their widespread acceptance and utilization in clinical practice.
Discovery, preclinical development, and clinical application of pralsetinib in the treatment of thyroid cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Pietro Locantore, Roberto Novizio, Andrea Corsello, Rosa Maria Paragliola, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Salvatore Maria Corsello
Focusing on thyroid cancers, DTC (including papillary, follicular, Hürthle and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer), anaplastic thyroid cancer, and MTC [14] constitute the three main histotypes. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) shows that mutations associated with thyroid cancer mostly affect two signaling pathways: mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathways. When a somatic or a germline mutation affects these pathways at any step, it constitutively activates the downstream signaling, causing uncontrolled cell replication, loss of differentiation, and inhibition of apoptosis. In thyroid cancers, altered RET proto-oncogene codes for a constitutively activate TK-R [15,16] with subsequent activation of MAPK and PI3K pathways, therefore assuming an important driver role in the genesis and progression of the tumor [16–18]. 10–20% of PTC are characterized by rearrangements of RET gene, while for MTC two forms can be distinguished: sporadic (~80%) with 40%–50% of cases associated to somatic RET point mutations and hereditary (~20%), with ~95% of cases associated to RET germline point mutations. Ret germline mutation can also account for multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2.
Characterization of immune landscape in papillary thyroid cancer reveals distinct tumor immunogenicity and implications for immunotherapy
Published in OncoImmunology, 2021
Jing Sun, Run Shi, Xiaowen Zhang, Da Fang, Josefine Rauch, Shun Lu, Xuanbin Wang, Lukas Käsmann, Jing Ma, Claus Belka, Chuan Su, Minglun Li
Despite comprehensive investigation in immune and mutational characterizations of different PTC variants and risk subgroups, multimodal analyses including histopathological examination and clinical trials should be a future work to elucidate our findings and promote clinical utility as biomarkers. Compared to PTC, more malignant subtypes such as poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) call for a higher demand for immunotherapy, and this issue is worth further investigation. In addition to immune infiltration abundance, the immune-evasive mechanism also acts as a characteristic of immune system dysregulation and plays an important role in PTC progression.49,50 The combined effects of immune cell infiltration and cancer immune evasion on PTC should be considered in future studies.
Current knowledge about the impact of microgravity on the proteome
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Sebastian M. Strauch, Daniela Grimm, Thomas J. Corydon, Marcus Krüger, Johann Bauer, Michael Lebert, Petra Wise, Manfred Infanger, Peter Richter
In addition to animal studies, organ-like cell aggregates or organ-sharing programs should be emphasized, as they are helpful in tissue engineering and important for cancer research. Experiments with cancer cells conducted in µg are currently at the rise. It has been shown that exposure to µg alters biological key processes, such as apoptosis and proliferation [76]. Results of the CellBox-2 experiment Thyroid cancer cells in space are currently being analyzed. These spaceflight experiments have delivered first data showing that poorly differentiated thyroid cancer cells seem to re-differentiate in µg. Studies with breast cancer cells on an ISS mission are planned.