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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Endometrial hyperplasia usually occurs before uterine cancer. Type I tumors are more common than Type II tumors, and are usually responsive to estrogen. They develop usually in young, obese, or perimenopausal women after endometrial hyperplasia. These tumors are usually low grade. The most common histology is endometrioid adenocarcinoma of grade 1 or 2. There may be microsatellite instability, and mutations of the genes. The Type II tumors are higher grade, including grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas and tumors that have nonendometrioid histology that may be clear cell, serous, carcinosarcoma, mixed cell, or undifferentiated. They are more common in older women, with 10%–30% having gene mutations.
Multi-omics Analysis
Published in Altuna Akalin, Computational Genomics with R, 2020
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with hyper-mutated tumors. As seen in Figure 11.2, one of the subtypes has tumors with significantly more mutations than the other. Which subtype is that? Which NMF factor is associated with that subtype? And which NMF factor is associated with MSI? [Difficulty: Advanced]
Adjuvant Therapy of Colon Cancer
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
In stage II colon cancer, there is a small survival advantage with adjuvant chemotherapy of approximately 3%–5%. However, the majority of colorectal cancer patients in stage II do not benefit from adjuvant therapy. Where there is a treatment request in stage II, a microsatellite analysis should be performed. Patients with high microsatellite instability (approximately 15%–20% of patients in stage II), have an excellent prognosis which cannot be improved by a 5-FU-based therapy. Consequently, patients within this category do not need adjuvant therapy, but if there is a request to treat patients with microsatellite stable low-risk stage II tumours, six-month treatment preferably with capecitabine may be recommended. An oxaliplatin-containing therapy is not indicated.
What role does adjuvant therapy play in the management of endometrial cancer?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Gloria Shining Huang, Joan Tymon-Rosario, Alessandro D. Santin
Cancer cells with a high number of mutations within microsatellites (short, repeated sequences of DNA) can be categorized as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) if 30% or more microsatellite loci show mutations. The MSI-H DNA signature reflects impaired ability to correct mistakes that occur during DNA replication. Microsatellite instability is found most often in colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and endometrial cancer. MSI-H endometrial tumors originate from different molecular pathways including germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2), somatically acquired MMR gene mutations, or methylation of the MLH1 gene promoter; these genomic alterations result in loss of expression or function of the MMR protein. It is estimated that 20% of the endometrial cancers harbor such mismatch repair defects.
Metastatic colorectal cancer in both sides of Aegean sea: practice patterns and outcome
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Ozan Yazici, Gokhan Ucar, Osman Sütcüoglu, Nazım Serdar Turhal, Birol Yildiz, Michalis Karamouzis, Sinan Yavuz, Nuri Karadurmuş, Nurullah Zengin, Ravit Geva, Huseyin Abali
Of the patients, approximately 89% of the patients had a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. In a total of 209 (57%) patients, RAS mutations were analyzed, and K-RAS mutations were present in 71 (34%). Among RAS tested 209 patients, BRAF mutation was analyzed in 85 patients and 33 (39%) of these patients were determined as BRAF mutant. Concomitant RAS mutation was also detected in 9 of the patients with BRAF mutation. Three mutations (K-RAS, N-RAS and BRAF) were tested in 67 patients and at least one of these 3 mutations was found in 39 (58%) patients. Microsatellite instability was detected in only 6 (18%) of the 34 patients tested. In Turkish patients, the RAS mutation test was available in 86% of patients (n = 256) and accessible in 71% of patients (n = 211). On the other hand, Greek patients had 78% (n = 53) availability and 74% (n = 50) accessibility to the RAS mutation test (Figure 1A).
Prognostic relevance of programmed death-ligand 1 expression and microsatellite status in small bowel adenocarcinoma
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Johannes Klose, Felix Lasitschka, Cornelia Horsch, Moritz J. Strowitzki, Thomas Bruckner, Claudia Volz, Thomas Schmidt, Martin Schneider
In colon cancer, DNA mismatch repair deficiency, commonly known as microsatellite instability (MSI), correlates with patients’ prognosis [13]. Indeed, microsatellite-instable high (MSI-H) tumours showed better response to PD-L1 blockade than microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumours [7]. Of note, a high expression of PD-L1 was observed in MSI-H colon cancers. This observation might explain the good response rate of these tumours [13]. Several studies analyzed the microsatellite status in small bowel carcinoma. Recently, microsatellite instability was reported in up to 14.2% of all tumour samples [8]. We found that one third of all tumours in our cohort were microsatellite instable. A similar number of microsatellite instable tumours was reported before [16]. Of note, there was no correlation between microsatellite status and patients’ prognosis. Given that microsatellite instability might predict the clinical outcome in other types of cancer, probably based on good response to checkpoint inhibitors, an effect of this therapy is worth to be investigated among patients with SBA.