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Public Health Entomology Preparedness
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
To facilitate ease of handling, use, and repair, a modular aerial spray system (MASS) was developed for use with the C-130H airplane, having a maximum 2,000-gallon capacity for liquid materials, which can be rolled on or off the airplane in approximately 30 min. Functional in a variety of configurations, the MASS is useful for such applications as ultra-low volume (ULV) adult mosquito sprays (adulticiding), mosquito liquid larvicide sprays, herbicide applications, and oil dispersants for emergency cleanup of oil spills. Ultra-low-volume sprays create an aerosol cloud of small discrete droplets that drift through the air and flying insects are killed by contacting these droplets. These sprays do no good once they hit the ground. For this reason, the flight period of the target pests is one of the most important planning factors for ULV spray missions. The current configuration for AFASU mosquito adulticiding uses the MASS with booms placed through the fuselage doors. Those booms are fitted with flat fan nozzles positioned perpendicular to the slipstream of the aircraft for maximum shear and atomization of pesticide. This is especially important since the diameter of a droplet that effectively adheres to a mosquito is 10 to 25 μm. Droplets too big or too small will not effectively contact flying pests such as mosquitoes.
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
Aerosol generators used to disperse insecticides are designed for the control of flying insect pests and vectors with ULV applications. One type uses a high volume of air at low pressure in a vortex nozzle to atomize concentrated or technical formulations of insecticide; other aerosol generators use high-pressure, low-volume airflow to atomize the insecticide, or a rotary nozzle driven by an electric motor. ULV applications, in which the minimum volume of liquid insecticide formulation is applied per unit area, provide maximum effectiveness against target vectors. Most organophosphorous insecticides can be applied as technical formulations, but other insecticides, such as carbamates and pyrethroids, must be formulated with compatible solvents for ULV application. These non-volatile formulations permit improved control of droplet size. (In contrast, thermal foggers may present a fire hazard and can contribute to environmental pollution through the production of exhaust gases. They also require costly oil diluents and increased insecticide storage capacity, and entail higher formulation costs.)
An evaluation of liposome-based diagnostics of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Nikunj Tandel, Anish Z Joseph, Aishwarya Joshi, Priya Shrama, Ravi PN Mishra, Rajeev K. Tyagi, Prakash S Bisen
Liposomes, one of the most promising drug delivery vehicles, are lipid vesicles comprising one or more than one concentric bilayer enclosing an aqueous core [35]. Since the discovery of liposomes, they have gained their utility in drug delivery and diagnostics. Liposomes are more preferable for drug delivery due to their biodegradability leading to minimal or no toxicity, multifaceted nature and ability to deliver high concentrations of the drug. Based on the nature of the macromolecules to be delivered or their use for diagnosis, the liposomes can be tailored, varying the composition of the types of phospholipids. Liposomes can be classified as unilamellar (ULV) or multilamellar (MLV) vesicles, depending on the structure of the bilayer. ULV vesicles are characterized by a single-lipid bilayer measuring 20–250 nm in diameter and enclose a large aqueous core. These generally are suited for the entrapment of hydrophilic drugs/cargo. On the other hand, MLV vesicles comprise two or more concentric lipid bilayer that measure 1–5 μm in diameter and these are preferred for the entrapment of lipid soluble cargo [36].
Developing commotio cordis injury metrics for baseball safety: unravelling the connection between chest force and rib deformation to left ventricle strain and pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Grant J. Dickey, Kewei Bian, Habib R. Khan, Haojie Mao
Similar to LV strain, pressure had a very weak correlation to max rib deformation, and more notably, reaction force (Figure 4A and B). Reaction force between the baseball and chest had a very low correlation to pressure, with R2 values less than 0.1. MLV rib deformation stood out as the strongest correlation with an R2 of 0.83 (Figure 4D), while ULV rib deformation had a strong correlation as well, with an R2 value of 0.71 (Figure 4C). LLV had a moderate correlation with an R2 value of 0.52 (Figure 4E). Overall, MLV and ULV rib deformation correlated with pressure best.
Predictors of a high defibrillation threshold test during routine ICD implantation
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2018
B. Al-Atia, B. Vandenberk, G. Vörös, C. Garweg, J. Ector, R. Willems
In this retrospective cohort study 881 consecutive patients who underwent a first ICD-implantation, from January 2006 to October 2014 in the University Hospital Leuven were reviewed. The study design is presented in Figure 1. Patients with abdominal ICD implantations were excluded (n = 17). The performance of DFT testing was registered. In this time period no extensive upper limit of variability (ULV) testing was performed anymore in our centre. Although the protocol for DFT testing was not completely uniform and was decided by the implanting physician, in routine VF was induced by either a low voltage shock (2 to 5 J) on the peak of the T-wave or by rapid ventricular burst pacing and a first shock was programmed ≥10 J of the maximal output of the device implanted. If this shock failed a second internal shock at maximal device energy was delivered. If this failed, external defibrillation was performed. In our primary analysis the DFT was considered to be high, if a shock with a safety margin of ≤10 J of the maximal device output was necessary to stop VF. A secondary analysis was performed with a stricter definition of a high ‘clinical non-acceptable DFT’. In this analysis only these patients in whom additional hardware (dual coil lead or subcutaneous coil) was used were considered as having a ‘clinical non-acceptable DFT’. This secondary analysis was triggered by the fact that in some circumstances the implanting physician decided not to perform additional testing if a first shock with a margin >10 J was not successful, but a second full energy shock was successful in terminating VF. With the secondary analysis we intended to avoid a possible bias introduced by these false positive ‘high DFT patients’ and to identify possible risk factors of a high DFT in our analysis. We collected data about implant indication, comorbidity, age, gender, weight (kg), height (m), QRS duration (ms), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (%), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (mm), use of dual or single coil defibrillation leads, type of device (single chamber, dual chamber or CRT) and a right vs. left-sided implantation. The data were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by ethics committee of the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium.