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The Ingestion Pathway
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
Fish, too, are far from being exempt from particulate pollution. Mercury is the most universally known among the poisons present in fish, particularly big-sized predatory fish like tuna, and the so-called Minamata disease is a tragic example of what that metal, in that case as methylmercury released by a chemical factory, accumulated for decades in the fish and shellfish eaten by the local population. It must be remembered that pollution by particles is different from that caused by atoms or molecules, and when particles, molecules and atoms are present together, it is difficult or utterly impossible to predict the result in terms of toxicity (Fig. 5.8).
The History of Tuberculosis from Earliest Times to the Development of Drugs
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
Charlotte A. Roberts, Jane E. Buikstra
During this period in Europe, conditions were ideal for a marked increase in TB. Poverty, the development of trade, and the migration of people from rural communities to urban centers (usually for work) enabled the transmission of TB to previously unexposed people. In addition, working with animals and their products also may have exposed populations to the infection. For example, processing animal skins in the tanning industry, working with bone and horn, and processing food products from animals all placed people at risk for the infection. Working in industries that produced particulate pollution, such as in the textile trade, also irritated the lungs and probably predisposed people to TB. The post-medieval period and the Industrial Revolution provided potentially explosive conditions for TB. Of special interest here is the suggestion that people who have been urbanized for a long time become resistant to TB through natural selection.41 This may explain part of the decline of TB starting in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.42
Acute Lung Injury In Children Due To Chemical And Physical Agents
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
In a study of the pulmonary function of 101 children 8 to 13 years old in a summer camp located in a area of high ash fall after the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens, no adverse effects were noted even in a subgroup of children with potentially hyperreactive airways.357 As part of an ongoing study, 120 students (4th and 5th grade) in Missoula, Mont. had regular pulmonary funciton testing (which had shown decreased levels during increases in urban particulate pollution). However, no decreases were noted after eruption of Mt. St. Helens even though particulate levels were very high,358 possibly because outdoor activity was greatly restricted during the ash fall. However, a survey of emergency room visits in Yakima, Wash, after the Mt. St. Helens eruption revealed increases in visits for asthma and bronchitis in patients of all ages.359
Patterns and predictors of air purifier adherence in children with asthma living in low-income, urban households
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Parisa Kaviany, Emily P. Brigham, Joseph M. Collaco, Jessica L. Rice, Han Woo, Megan Wood, Rachelle Koehl, Tianshi D. Wu, Michelle N. Eakin, Kirsten Koehler, Nadia N. Hansel, Meredith C. McCormack
Particulate matter (PM) is a toxic air pollutant found both indoors and outdoors, and fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) has been linked to increased asthma symptoms and reduction in lung function among children with asthma (3,4). Children spend greater than 90% of their time indoors, which emphasizes the importance of improving indoor air quality (5). Indoor PM is increased by common household activities including sweeping, gas stove cooking, frying foods, as well as smoking (6). Indoor PM levels are high among low income households in Baltimore City, with the median PM2.5 levels nearly triple that of the World Health Organization recommended levels, and associated with more severe asthma symptoms and more frequent use of rescue inhalers (6,7). Such differential exposure to pollution has been identified as a contributor to asthma health disparities (8,9).
Mechanisms for cellular uptake of nanosized clinical MRI contrast agents
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Emily J. Guggenheim, Joshua Z. Rappoport, Iseult Lynch
Metal oxide NPs, such as SPIONs, have applications from the inexpensive in vivo detection and screening of diseases such as cancer to the remediation of polluted soils (Sokolov et al. 2004; Santra et al. 2009; Shipley, Engates, and Guettner 2011; Li et al. 2013; Wang and Cuschieri 2013; Dave and Chopda 2014). Some magnetite NPs have been identified in the human brain as a result of particulate pollution resulting from combustion (Maher et al. 2016). As with all NPs, SPIONs encompass a huge range of preparation types, each with different properties that can lead to a variety of effects within cellular systems and exposed organisms. Therefore, the characterization of formulation physical chemical properties, uptake into target and non-target cells, localization and trafficking are of utmost importance to try and prevent unwanted toxicities in addition to successful application. Here, methods based around the detection of unlabeled NPs, exploiting the inherent reflectance from SPIONs, provide information regarding the unlabelled particle uptake into a variety of cell lines.
‘12 tips for teaching environmental sustainability to health professionals’
Published in Medical Teacher, 2020
Patricia Nayna Schwerdtle, Janie Maxwell, Graeme Horton, James Bonnamy
Examples of strategies with co-benefits to health and climate change include: less carbon-intensive modes of transport resulting in decreased road trauma and decreased exposure to particulate pollution (WHO 2005); less carbon-intensive food systems through plant-based diets containing higher proportions of fruit, vegetables and legumes and less red meat thereby reducing the prevalence of cancer, obesity and ischemic heart disease (Tilman and Clark 2014); and more green spaces in urban areas resulting in carbon sequestration and urban temperature control while promoting mental and physical wellbeing (Byrne and Jinjun 2009). Co-benefits can be incorporated into curriculum topics such as health promotion and chronic diseases. Students can be asked to research the evidence of health co-benefits, to role play health promotion consultations, or to debate related public health initiatives.