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Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The concern over adverse effects of strontium intake is based on the radiation damage, since strontium-90, present in nuclear fallout, is a potent environmental health hazard. Chemically, toxicity from strontium is almost nil. No adverse effects from industrial use have been reported.
Thyroid cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Gitta Madani, Polly S Richards
Accidental and therapeutic exposure to ionizing radiation is a well-recognized aetiological factor in thyroid cancer. Nuclear fallout in Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused a significant increase in the incidence of papillary carcinoma in children (2). Following the Chernobyl accident, the incidence of thyroid cancer increased several hundred–fold in children living in the region, with cancers presenting as early as 4 years after exposure (6). Therapeutic and diagnostic irradiation in childhood are also potential causes of thyroid cancer in adulthood, but higher doses of radiation to the thyroid in adults (such as radiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma or iodine-131 (131I) treatment for Graves’ disease) are not associated with an increased risk of cancer (7–9).
Summary of Experience in Radiation Litigation
Published in Kenneth L. Miller, Handbook of Management of Radiation Protection Programs, 2020
The risk that off-site residents near the Nevada Test Site might develop cancer or leukemia following exposure to ionizing radiation from nuclear fallout was well within the government’s duty of care. This would require that the government provide both information and education as to the dangers of fallout and the prevention of injury as well as monitoring of the area of known or likely fallout to assess the danger and appropriate safety measures.
Impact analysis of age on radiation casualty estimations for nuclear detonation scenarios
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Jacob Bellman, Emily Wilkinson, Tyler Dant, Alec Thurman, Daniela Stricklin
Nuclear detonation devices used in a targeted manner have gained the concern of experts (Buddemeier and Dillon 2009; Gorman et al. 2010; NATO 2010; Dodgen et al. 2011). Of particular concern is a device with relatively small yield (≤10 kT) detonated near the ground (DHS 2007). The prompt environments would travel a relatively short distance compared to a higher yield and/or a higher height of burst detonation. Radiation environments from a ground-burst, especially including nuclear fallout, can pose a significant threat to public safety depending on the population distribution with respect to the detonation. Casualties resulting from nuclear detonation-induced radiation environments are the main focus of this study. Although blast and thermal environments will have a significant impact on casualty estimates near the detonation, these environments are outside the scope of this study.
Using CBPR to address health disparities with the Marshallese community in Arkansas
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2018
Pearl A. McElfish, Ramey Moore, Melisa Laelan, Britni L. Ayers
The RMI has a unique history with the US. The US military conducted nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958, detonating 67 fission and thermonuclear devices, equivalent to 7200 Hiroshima-sized bombs (Barker 2012). As a result, areas of the Marshall Islands were contaminated, and the Marshallese lifestyle and diet shifted from farming and reliance on the ocean to a Western high-fat diet and more sedentary lifestyle. Some Marshallese had direct exposure to the nuclear fallout (Simon 1997) and many Marshallese believe that the contamination of Marshallese was intentional. After the nuclear fallout, the US conducted research on exposed Marshallese regarding the effects of nuclear radiation (Barker 2012). The research was conducted without informed consent or information provided in the native language (Barker 2012). The Marshallese community exhibits distrust of research due to this historical trauma (Wallerstein 1999; Minkler 2004; Evans-Campbell 2008; SAMHSA 2015).