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Pollution by air, water and land
Published in Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt, Bills of Health, 2018
Richard Lawson, Jonathon Porritt
The action of bacteria on putrescible wastes in landfill produces landfill gas, a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide This gas is produced in quantity, and can migrate away from the site. In 1986, gas from a site at Loscoe, Derbyshire, collected in a basement distant from the site and ignited, destroying the house. People living in houses that have been built over landfill sites have complained of general poor health with headaches and tiredness predominating. Just because a landfill site has been designated for domestic waste does not necessarily mean that no hazardous waste has been dumped there by unscrupulous operators.
A mechanistic evaluation of the potential for octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane to produce effects via endocrine modes of action
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
D4 is degraded in soils, sediments, and sewage sludges by clay catalyzed hydrolysis and by aerobic and anaerobic microbial metabolism (Grumping et al. 1999; Xu 1999). In mammals and other vertebrates D4 is metabolized to polar metabolites in the liver (Plotzke et al. 2000). These are excreted in the urine for terrestrial animals or through the skin for aquatic animals (Varaprath et al. 1999; Andersen et al. 2001). D4 has been found at levels up to 1.22 ppm in landfill gases (Urban et al. 2009) and up to 8.3 ppm in wastewater treatment digester gases (Griffin 2004). In the open atmosphere D4 is subject to hydroxyl radical and UV catalyzed degradation reactions with an estimated half life of 10 days (Mueller et al. 1995; Surita and Tansel 2014). Levels of D4 in the open atmosphere have been measured at up to 3.7 × 10−6 ppm (Genualdi et al. 2011). In enclosed work place environments where products containing D4 are manufactured or in use atmospheric concentrations of D4 have been measured as high as 34 ppm (Gentry et al. 2017). The NOEL of D4 for whole body inhalational exposure of female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and their pups at 6 h/day for 28 days prior to mating through gestation day 21 and from lactation days 5–21 is >70 ppm (DCC 1995c).
Examination of xylene exposure in the U.S. Population through biomonitoring: NHANES 2005–2006, 2011–2016
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Víctor R. De Jesús, Daniel F. Milan, Young M. Yoo, Luyu Zhang, Wanzhe Zhu, Deepak Bhandari, Kevin S. Murnane, Benjamin C. Blount
Xylenes are aromatic hydrocarbons commonly used for industrial applications due to their superior solvent properties (Angerer and Lehnert, 1979, Mohammadyan and Baharfar 2015). They are synthetically derived from crude oil or coal tar and used in various commercial products such as petrochemicals, plastics, and paints. Additionally, other xylene sources in the environment include landfill gases, emissions from petroleum refineries, vehicle exhaust fumes, and tobacco smoke (Chambers et al.2011, Niaz et al.2015, Staszewska et al.2012, Saliba et al.2017). Xylene exists as three different positional isomers: ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene (o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene). Throughout this report, the term xylene refers to a mixture of the three positional isomers unless otherwise stated.