China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Labour and birth care
Published in Helen Baston, Midwifery, 2020
The midwife will encourage the woman to drink to her thirst during labour, and isotonic drinks may provide extra salts and calories when a woman does not feel like snacking. Labour is hard and hot work, offering frequent sips of iced water to the labouring woman is a job that the birth partner can be encouraged to do. Women who are well and who are not expected to need a general anaesthetic, or have not received opioids in labour, can eat a light diet during labour if they wish (NICE 2014).
Water and hydration in the workplace *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
We know about dehydration at sports events, school practice, and in hot work environments when workers are water depleted, but the effects of dehydration, although evident in the workplace, are not widely promoted. When a worker on the job is doing physical work, sweat can be a greater output than the water intake. This is the cause of dehydration and as the activity is heightened or the heat goes up, the dehydration can accelerate. Even the type of clothes worn can impact the dehydration cycle making it difficult to keep up with proper hydration.
Addressing process safety challenges in downstream industries in Brunei Darussalam
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Aisah Timbang, Reddy Prasad D. M., Mohammad Hazwan bin Azri, Salwa Sofri
While a permit to work (PTW) is an important component of a healthy work environment and can aid in the proper management of a variety of tasks, it is subject to human error. Responsible individuals should evaluate work procedures and check safety at all stages of the work, according to COMAH Regulations 2015 with the PTW framework [17]. Permits are also an important means of contact between site managers, plant supervisors and operators, as well as the people who do the job. When the workers sign the permit, this shows that they are aware of the hazards and have taken the necessary precautions. This PTW device may be required for high-risk tasks such as hot work, confined space entry, maintenance operations, the transport of hazardous materials and electrical or mechanical isolations. Research by Hosseini et al. [18] elucidates the most widely recognized assessment of factors leading to human error in the process of PTW issuance and found a strong association between errors and the individuals involved in work permit issuance preparation, work experience and age. Human error, according to Kletz [19], is characterized as any incorrect decision or behaviour that has a negative impact on the efficacy, protection or efficiency of a system.
Prioritizing the indicators influencing permit to work system efficiency based on an analytic network process
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Soheil Abbasi, Neda Gilani, Mostafa Javanmardi, Seyed Shamseddin Alizadeh, Saeid Jalilpour, Milad Safari
As shown in Table 5, preventive actions are allocated the highest rank in PTW system efficiency, and, among the sub-indicators, ‘risk assessment and hazard identification’ had the highest priorities. As defined by the American National Standards Institute, risk assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of the probability and degree of possible injury or damage to health in a hazardous situation in order to select appropriate safeguarding [36]. This indicator is the core element of the risk management process that principally emphasizes the identification of a hazard and analysis of the likely loss due to this hazard. It has a vital role in safety and risk management that begins with hazard identification and ends up with the loss estimation because of an accident initiated by this hazard [11,37]. A competent person must carry out precautions before work is begun and before the permit is issued, and hazards recognized that are probably existing at the start and during the work can be controlled for their risk [38]. It is worth noting that one of the typical accidents and failures that have occurred in vessels is due to entering the vessel without any hazard identification and gas tests being carried out, so pre-work activities such as gas testing, isolation and purging should be carried out and signed off by the operating team before it issues a permit to work and hot work or entry is started [10,39,40]. Pre-work preventive actions such as hazard identification are the most important indicator in the PTW system; nevertheless, they may not be performed acceptably. Thus, how well hazards are identified before the job is a significant factor for determining the effectiveness of the PTW system [16].
Prevalence and psycho-social determinants of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) juice cocktail consumption among youth in Surat Thani Province, Thailand
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2018
Nutsara Chongrattanakon, Bang-on Thepthien, Seo Ah Hong
In Thailand, since 2007, Kratom has been one of the most common illegal substances used (Kalayasiri, 2016). The origin of Kratom is in Southeast Asia, where it is used for medicinal and recreational purposes. Kratom has been used in folk medicine as a remedy to relieve pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and to treat intestinal parasites in Thailand and Malaysia (Entheology.com, 2002). Rural people in the southern region used it as a mild narcotic (Assanangkornchai et al., 2007). In the past, Kratom was used among laborers to help them tolerate heavy or hot work by chewing fresh leaves and spitting out the fiber (Office of the Narcotics Control Board, 2005). Nowadays, Kratom is processed into many forms such as a powder, tea, tint, and capsules which are available at herbal shops and over the internet in Europe (The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 2008). Mitragynine is the most active substance found in Kratom leaves (≈66.2%), while 7-hydroxymitragynine was found in small amounts but can cause more severe effects than mitragynine and morphine by 13- and 46-fold, respectively (Prozialeck, Jivan, & Andurkar, 2012). The addiction is caused by the mechanism of Mitragynine alkaloids substance in Kratom leaves by binding to type μ and δ opioid receptors as well as neuronal Ca2+ channels, expression of cAMP and CREB protein, and via descending monoaminergic system (Hassan et al., 2013; Suhaimi et al., 2016). Because of the opioid agonist properties of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, Kratom can act by binding to the opioid receptor and directly impacting the brain reward pathway that promotes euphoria and alertness. Symptoms of Kratom addiction based on the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem10th Revision (ICD-10) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria include withdrawal, tolerance, craving, un-control of use, and psychological changes (Saingam & Assanangkornchai, 2013). Fully 82% of users had tried to quit and more than half failed (Singh, Müller, Vicknasingam, & Mansor, 2015).