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All About Wave Equations
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
This circumstance owes the ring-like vortex its property, to the tunnel. No Faraday cage is able, to stop it, as could be demonstrated in experiments. Only therefore the ground wave runs through the earth and not along the curvature of the earth. A further example is a coaxial cable (Figure 2.30(B)). Also, this acts as a long tunnel and so it isn’t further astonishing, that the electric field lines have the same orientation, as for a magnetic scalar wave. As a practical consequence in this place there should be warned of open cable ends, waveguides or horn radiators with regard, to uncontrolled emitted scalar waves!
Electrosmog from Communication Equipment
Published in William J. Rea, EMF Effects from Power Sources and Electrosmog, 2018
The animals of this group (n = 6) were exposed to radiation within their home cages 3 hours per day for 8 months. The exposure protocol of “3 h/day × 8 months” was chosen in order to mimic daily typical mobile phone operation by an active person. The mobile phone was placed underneath the cage. A semi-Faraday cage was specially constructed with one open surface to allow mobile phone communication and at the same time to prevent radiation leakage toward sham-exposed animals. The GSM 900 MHz electrical field intensity of the radiation emitted by the mobile phone was measured using the Smartfield meter (EMC Test Design, LLC, Newton, MA, USA), placing the dual-band omnidirectional probe (900, 1800 MHz) inside a similar cage housing the animals positioned at the same place either at the end or beginning of exposure. The obtained measurements were reproducible on a daily basis (minimum-maximum value depending on the sound intensity). In order to simulate the conditions of the human voice and activate mobile phone ELF-modulated EMF emission, a radio station was played as a source of auditory stimulation throughout the exposure time. The measured electrical field intensity was below ICNIRP's recommendations,109 within the range of 15–22 V/m in the various areas within the cage, with the animals also following the typical GSM power modulation by sound intensity. The SAR value (SAR = o−*E2/p), calculated as previously described,110,111 was between 0.17 and 0.37 W/kg. This is a rough estimation of the whole body average SAR of individual animals.
Dictionary
Published in Mario P. Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990
Faraday cage. In environments with high levels of electrostatic noise it is sometimes desirable to make a whole room which is impervious to electrostatic fields. This can be achieved by including a metal mesh in the doors, walls, ceiling, floor, and (if they must be present) the windows. All of the mesh must be connected together and grounded to earth.
Effects of pre and postnatal 2450 MHz continuous wave (CW) radiofrequency radiation on thymus: Four generation exposure
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2022
Fazile Cantürk Tan, Betül Yalçin, Arzu Hanım Yay, Burak Tan, Korkut Yeğin, Süleyman Daşdağ
An RFR generator (220 V; 2370–2450 MHz, 0–4 Watt; Nar Technology, Kayseri, Turkey) with 2450 MHz CW utility was used in the study. The study was performed in a Faraday cage to eliminate environmental exposures from other RF devices such as mobile phones, base stations, radio-TV transmitting stations. A cylindrical cage with wire grid top and bottom covers enables free-air access to the rats during exposure measurements. Wire-grid spacing was selected as 5 mm, which was much smaller than free-space wavelength λo, at 2.45 GHz. Experimental and simulation setups are illustrated in Figure 2. Before RFR exposure, ambient RF level was measured with a wideband antenna (Log-periodic Antenna, HF59B, FF6E, Gigahertz Solutions, Langenzenn, Germany) in the inner and outer surface of the cylindrical cage. The power of the RF generator was set to 1 Watt. RF field levels inside and outside the cylindrical cage was remeasured with the generator turned on. The electromagnetic power density was recorded as 8.5 ± 0.65 W/m2 inside each section of the cylindrical cage. Rats could freely move in the cage. The entire study was conducted at the Erciyes University Research Center in a room (Temperature: 25 ± 2°C, Humidity: 40%-50%, 12 h constant light-dark cycle) specifically allocated for this research. Animals were fed ad libitum, and tap water was provided as drinking water. All the animals were exposed to RFR between 08:00 and 20:00 during the study.
The effects of pulsed electromagnetic field on experimentally induced sciatic nerve injury in rats
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
Gülten Bademoğlu, Nurten Erdal, Coşar Uzun, Bahar Taşdelen
PEMF application was initiated one day after surgery. The rats were restrained in a plastic restrainer box and placed inside Helmholtz-coils 60 cm in diameter, placed 30 cm apart (Figure 2). These Helmholtz-coils were placed in a 90x90x55 cm grounded Faraday-cage to prevent noise from the environment and protect the researcher from the magnetic field. When connected to a signal generator (ILFA Electronic, Mersin, Turkey), these coils produce a magnetic field peak amplitude of 1.5 mT. In order to reduce the possible physiological effects that may arise from temporal application differences, PEMF was applied every day at the same time zone throughout the duration of the experiment. Before each application and at the end of 1 h, the peak value of the magnetic field between the Helmholtz-coils was measured using a Teslameter (Sypris Model 6010, Orlando, FL) connected to the Hall Effect Probe. PEMF was carried out with a single pulse with 2 Hz frequency and intensity of 0,3 mT, 4 h/day for 40 days. Care was taken to ensure that the magnetic field value of the system was 0.3 ± 0.05 mT throughout the PEMF application. PEMF was applied in a silent room with a temperature of 22–24 °C.
Malnutrition during late pregnancy exacerbates high-fat-diet-induced metabolic dysfunction associated with lower sympathetic nerve tonus in adult rat offspring
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Renan de Oliveira Venci, Gabriel Bortoli Ramos, Isabela Peixoto Martins, Camila Cristina Ianoni Matiusso, Lucas Paulo Jacinto Saavedra, Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro, Audrei Pavanello, Kelly Valério Prates, Laize Peron Tófolo, Ana Maria Praxedes de Moraes, Gabriel Sergio Fabricio, Júlio Cezar de Oliveira, Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco, Kesia Palma-Rigo, Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias, Ananda Malta
At 90 days of age and after an overnight fast, batches of rats (n=10–12) from all experimental groups were anesthetized with thiopental (45 mg/kg of BW). A longitudinal surgical incision was then made in the animal's anterior cervical region, and the left superior vagus nerve from the superior cervical ganglia was isolated. A pair of silver recording electrodes (0.6 mm diameter) was then placed under the nerve, which was covered with silicone oil to prevent dehydration. The electrode was connected to an electronic device (Bio-Amplificator; Insight Equipamentos, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil) that amplified the electrical signal prior to filtering the frequencies lower than 1 kHz and higher than 80 kHz. The signal output was acquired using Insight software and was stored on a computer. The animals were placed in a Faraday cage to avoid any electromagnetic interference during the data acquisition period.16