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Opinion: Immunotherapy Has No Place in the Treatment of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss*
Published in Howard J.A. Carp, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, 2020
The conclusions of several published meta-analyses have also been conflicting. A Cochrane review published in 2014, based on 12 trials (641 women), reported an OR of 1.23 (95% CI 0.89–1.70) among those administered paternal white cells compared with controls [36]. It has been suggested that leucocyte immunization in the trial of Ober et al. [35] should be excluded from the meta-analysis, as Ober et al. used refrigerated cells, whereas all other trials used fresh cells. The argument against using refrigerated cells is based on work in laboratory mice (CBA/J female mice when mated with allogeneic DBA/2 males) where there is a high incidence of embryo resorption. This resorption can be prevented by immunization with paternal splenocytes. However, storage of the splenocytes causes loss of surface CD200 into the supernatant [37], which abrogates the protective effect of immunization. However, the loss of CD200 may be relevant in muridae, but has never been investigated in humans. Therefore, in this author's view, there is no justification for removing Ober et al.'s [35] trial from any meta-analysis.
Effects of intermediate frequency electromagnetic fields: a review of animal studies
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Hae-June Lee, Hee Jin, Young Hwan Ahn, Nam Kim, Jeong Ki Pack, Hyung-Do Choi, Yun-Sil Lee
In addition to the potentially tumorigenic effects of IF-EMFs, the impact of these frequencies on early development and gestation are among the most important public concerns. Early developmental stages are known to be especially vulnerable to environmental insult. The KIRAMS thus exposed pregnant mice to IF-EMF during the organogenesis stage to investigate its effects on fetal formation. The females were exposed to a 20 kHz IF-EMF at a magnetic flux density of 6.25 μT for eight hours a day from the 2.5th to the 15.5th day of gestation. Cesarean sections were performed on the 19th day of pregnancy to observe the fetuses. The number of implantations, the number of live and dead fetuses, the sex, weight, and length of the fetuses, the length of the head, and the width and weight of the placenta were then measured. Additionally, embryo resorption, embryonic death, and fetal death were also investigated. No statistically significant differences in the number of implantations, the number of live and dead fetuses, fetus sex, and placental weight were linked to IF-EMF exposure. Additionally, the number of fetuses with growth retardation showed a weak increasing tendency in the group exposed to IF-EMF, but there was no statistical significance. The body weight and head width were not affected by IF-EMF exposure. IF-EMF exposure was also not statistically linked to external or internal malformations. Moreover, no skeletal abnormalities were observed in response to IF-EMF exposure (Lee et al. 2009).
Astilbin improves pregnancy outcome in rats with recurrent spontaneous abortion by regulating Th1/Th2 balance
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Ying Qian, Yue Pei, Wei Jiang, Caihong Zheng
Information on the morphology and activity of the rats was recorded every day. The female rats were sacrificed by excessive anesthesia using 10% chloral hydrate on the ninth day of pregnancy, and the numbers of surviving and reabsorbed embryos were counted. Abortion embryos were identified by the smaller size of the implantation site and the appearance of necrosis and hemorrhage. The embryo resorption rate (R) was calculated as follows: R = reabsorbed embryos/(surviving embryos + reabsorbed embryos) × 100%. The embryo absorption rate of the model group was significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating that the RSA rat model was established successfully. After the rats were sacrificed, the uteruses were removed, and the decidua of each uterus was rinsed with 0.9% normal saline while photos of uterus were taken. Sections of rat uterine tissue were coated in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The five areas with the highest degree of endometrial molding were selected by 20-fold amplification observation. The pathological morphology of endometrial modulation was evaluated by 200-fold amplification observation.
Evaluation of the genotoxicity and teratogenicity of xylan using different model approaches
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Guangqiu Qin, Yuqiu Gao, Pingjing Wen, Guiqiang Liang, Peng Zhao, Baiqing Dong, Song Tang, Kamran Shekh
For the negative control group, a total of 137 live fetuses were recorded. Compared with the negative control group, ratio of live fetuses, ratio of embryo resorption, fetal weight, fetal body length, and fetal tail length were similar in all the treatment groups (p > 0.05). For the positive control group, ratio of embryo resorption was significantly increased, while ratio of live fetuses, fetal weight, and fetal body length were significantly decreased (Table 5, p < 0.05 or p < 0.01).